Unit+02+Review+-+Greece+and+Rome

Questions for Classical Greece and Rome AP World History – Fall [A] __Directions__ : Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number them correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t **HAVE** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. = Identification: =


 *  Lee - ** The Gracchi Brothers- Tiberius and Gaius, were Roman plebeian nobiles who both served as tribunes in the late 2nd century BC. They attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians, in addition to other reform measures. After achieving some early success, both were assassinated for their efforts. The new forces of urban factions, rural voters, and others, engaging in continued conflict with each other for their own interests, mean that the problem of effective governance awaited resolution. The populist government of the Gracchi had come to an end by violence; and this provided a brutal precedent that would be followed by many other rulers of Rome.

Roman emperor who succeeded Tiberius and whose uncontrolled passions resulted in manifest __#|insanity__; noted for his cruelty and tyranny.
 *  Mengel - **  Caligula
 *  Millican - ** Tacitus was a senator and a historian of the Roman Empire. The surviving portions of his two major works—the Annals and the Histories—examine the reigns of the Roman Emperors Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, and those who reigned in the Year of the Four Emperors (AD 69). These two works span the history of the Roman Empire from the death of Augustus in AD 14 to the years of the First Jewish–Roman War in AD 70. There are substantial lacunae in the surviving texts, including a gap in the Annals that is four books long.

Other writings by him discuss oratory (in dialogue format, see Dialogus de oratoribus), Germania (in De origine et situ Germanorum), and the life of his father-in-law, Agricola, the Roman general responsible for much of the Roman conquest of Britain, mainly focusing on his campaign in Britannia (De vita et moribus Iulii Agricolae).

Tacitus is considered to be one of the greatest Roman historians. He lived in what has been called the Silver Age of Latin literature. He is known for the brevity and compactness of his Latin prose, as well as for his penetrating insights into the psychology of power politics.


 * Monteith - **  Odovacer - Germanic tribal leader who in 476 removed Romulus Augustulus from power (reigned 475-476), bringing the Western Roman Empire to an end. He is known as the first king of Italy.

was the [| King] of the [| Visigoths] from 395–410. Alaric is most famous for his [| sack of Rome] in 410, which marked a decisive event in the [| decline of the Roman Empire]. In 401 Alaric invaded Italy, but he was defeated by Stilicho at [|Pollentia] (modern Pollenza) on April 6, 402. A second invasion also ended in defeat at the [|Battle of Verona], though Alaric forced the [|Roman Senate] to pay a large subsidy to the Visigoths. Moving swiftly along Roman roads, Alaric sacked the cities of [|Aquileia] and [|Cremona] and ravaged the lands along the [|Adriatic Sea]. The Visigothic leader thereupon laid siege upon Rome in 408.
 *  Olmos - **  Alaric


 *  Ovalle - **  Romulus and Remus - Were twin brothers, & central characters of Rome's __#|foundation__ myth. Romulus as given credit for founding of ancient Rome. The legend of Romulus and Remus was that they were abandoned by there parents as babies & put into a basket then placed into the River Tribe. soon after they were brought up by a shepherd. When they grew up, they decided to found a city were they were found in, they went to the site and Remus was killed by Romulus. So this left Romulus as the sole founder of the new city and he gave his name to it. Rome. The date given for the founding of Rome is 753 BC.
 *  Philip - **  Nero- was the Roman Emperor from 54-68 AD and the last in the Judio-Claudian Dynasty. Nero focused on diplomacy, trade, and trying to enhance the cultural life of the Empire. He ordered theaters to be built and promoted athletic games, but he was also infamously known for being an early persecutor of Christians. In 68, the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul and later the acclamation of Galba in Hispania drove Nero from the throne. On the 9th of June, he committed suicide.
 *  Rahman - ** Claudius- was the Roman Emperor from 41-54. He was a member of the Julio-Claudian Dynasty and was the son of Drusus and Antonia Minor. He was born in Lugdunum in Gaul being the first Roman Emperor to be born outside of Italy.
 *  Rivers - **  Ceasar Augustus- Augustus was the founder of the Roman Empire and its first Emperor, ruling from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD At the age of 75. He may have died from natural causes, although there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as Emperor by his __#|adopted__ son (also stepson and former son-in-law) Tiberius.
 *  Romero - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Julius Ceasar: Julius Caesar (born 100 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, Consul, and a author of Latin prose. In 60 BC, Caesar formed a political alliance with Crassus and Pompey to dominate Roman politics . By 51 BC, he had extended Rome's territory into the English Channel and the Rhine. In 45 BC, the Civil War victory was by Julius Caesar, which was the end of traditional institutions. Julius emerged as the first dictator of Rome and killed 44 people. He had created the Julian calendar and centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic. In 44 BC he was assassinated by a group of senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus.

was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many different subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. His logical works contain the earliest formal study of logic that we have and was not superseded until the late nineteenth century. In the Middle Ages, Aristotelian metaphysics had a profound influence on philosophical and theological thinking in the Islamic and Jewish traditions, and on Christian thought, where its legacy is still felt in Christian theology, for example in Orthodox theology, and especially within the Catholic tradition shaped by scholasticism. All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Russell - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Huns 'The huns were a group of nomadic peoples that ‘terrorized, pillages, and destroyed’ areas around asia and europe and china during the 3rd through 5th centuries. The huns were one of the reasons that chinca began to construct the great wall, because the nomadic group kept infiltrating their land and screwing it up. The huns settled in hungary. Attila was a bloodthirsty king-like figure for the huns (he killed his own brother to gain __#|power__), and also the most successful of them all. Nicknamed the ‘Scourge of God,’ Attila claimed much territory for the huns, and they even attacked Italy. However Pope Leo I convinced Attila to stop his raids, thus sparing rome and the rest of Italy. When Attila died from a nosebleed in his sleep, the new leader of the group never established legitimately and the hunnish empire broke apart soon after.'
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Santos - ** The Ostrogoths--- were the eastern tribe of the Goths (Germanic people) who rose in power in the area north of the Black Sea. The designation, Ostrogoth, taken to mean "Eastern Goth", actually means "Goths glorified by the rising sun", and gave birth to the term Visigoth (interpreted to mean "Western Goth") by the Roman writer Cassiodorus who coined the term in the 6th century. Cassiodorus lived among the Ostrogoths and served their king Theodoric the Great. Under Theoderic The Great, they established a kingdom in Italy in the late 5th and 6th centuries.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Schaefer - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Visigoths---Germanic people who developed during the later part of Rome. They invaded Italy and sacked Rome and 410, after they settled Gaul, Spain and Portugal to found the Kingdom of the Visigoths. During their reign of Spain they founded the only new cities in Western Europe between the 5th and 8th centuries. One of their greastest contributions to family law was the protection of married women's property rights. By 718 the Visigoths lost their territory to Umayyad Muslims.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Smith - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Angles and Saxons --- New settlers that came into southern Britian after Britain was invaded by Romans, came in ships accross the North Sea. Mixture of people from North Germany, Denmark, and Norther Holland. Britain was apart of the Roman world for about 400 years
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Teems - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Diocletian 'Diocletian was a roman emperor born to a poor family who slowly rose up in power. His main accomplishment was that he established an autocratic government, and ‘tetrarchie’ (3 people rule at one time, so one person wouldn’t be overridden with power). He got the romans out of their depression and stuff but also is known for his persecution of christians. They even burned down his house, but he survived.'
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Wollenburg - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Tetrarchs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Tetrarchy describes any form of government that is devided into four parts.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Started in 293 and lasted until 313 in Rome
 * There was a statue made for the tetrarchs. The statue was made out of a tough purple stone composed of larger crystals called, red egyprian porphyry.
 * The Tetrarchs were most likely Diocletian, Augustus, Galerius, and Julius Constanius or Constantine and his three sons.
 * The statue is now in Venice, Italy
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Abuga - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Aristotle ---


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Jacobs - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Socrates --- <span style="color: #d218d2; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;"> His life is chronicled through dialogues by Plato, and Xenophon (his students). As a full-time philosopher, he believed that the more a person knew about themselves, the greater the well-being of the society would be. Socrates wanted the Gov. to be led by the most knowledgeable individuals. He asked questions to the Athenians is his Socratic method, which made the person think logically through a problem. Sometimes the answer seemed so obvious, the person looked foolish. this made him equally likeable and dislikable
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Bates - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Plato <span style="background-color: #fefcc3; color: #902ad0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">A philosopher from ancient Greece. He was a student of Socrates and later went on to become a famous philosopher himself. He was also a famous mathematician and created the university <span style="background-color: #fefcc3; color: #902ad0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">of Athens. He taught another famous Greek figure, Aristotle. Some of Plato's accomplishments include; Theory of Forms (the world we see is a 'copy' or 'image' of the real world), Platonism (denying the material world exists), the University of Athena (the first European university), and widening the gap between arithmetic (logistics) and number theory (arithmetic).
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Benavides - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Alexander -- <span style="color: #2fe49a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">born in 356 BCE and died in 323 BCE. Accomplished general, really good at tearing down things but not at building things up. He expanded his empire at an unprecedented speed, he's famous for never having lost a battle. He did what no one else could do, he destroyed the Persian Empire and conquered all the land the Persian's had (including

<span style="color: #2fe49a; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 0px;">Egypt, they marched towards India stopping at the Indus River (only because his soldiers asked him to). He mainly conquered all the land for glory and heroism and greatness,

===**<span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">Boboy - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Phillip of Macedon-- <span style="color: #902ad0; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">King of Macedon(Macedonia) in 359-336 B.C.E., reorganized and rebuilt the Macedonian Empire conquered the cities and won the crucial battle in 338 B.C.E., father of Alexander the Great who later extended the Macedonian Empire through the Middle East( across Persia to the border of India, and southward through Egypt.)- <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Cynthia Boboy === first (founder) of the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. In Biblical History, Cyrus is the king of the Persians who allowed the Hebrews who had been driven from their homeland, in Judaea by Nebuchadnezzar to leave Babylon an end the exile. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC The Persian Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the achaemenid empire in the 5th century BC.Darius built the road to facilitate rapid communication throughout his very large empire from Susa to Sardis ("centralized rule is the victim of time and distance,"Robin Lane Fox has observed in this context). Mounted couriers could travel 1677 miles (2699 km) in seven days; the journey from Susa to Sardis took ninety days on foot.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Briscoe - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Moses -- <span style="color: #272dea; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif;">Moses was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an, and Baha'i scripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew he is the most important prophet in Judaism; he is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths. -- briscoe
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Cardoza - ** Joshua Important figure in Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. He accompanied Moses on some of teh journey to receive the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai. Other than Moses, he was the only one who was allowed to approach the mountain. Before Moses died, he sent 12 spies to scout the land of Canaan. Joshua and Caleb believed the Israelites could obtain the land with the help of God. For 40 years, god sent the unfaithful Jews to wander until they died. After his death, Joshua took his place in leading the Israelite tribes. His successor. He, Joshua, led the Israelite army in its conquest of the Promised Land. Joshua accomplished many things, but without a doubt, he's biggest accomplishment was his undying trust, loyalty, faith, and love, for God.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Concha - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Achaemenid Empire
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Dorsett - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Cyrus---
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Duckworth - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Cambyses, Darius, Xerxes
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Elbushra - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Royal Road......


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Fackrell - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Satrap(ies)- was the name given to the governors of the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|provinces] of the ancient <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Median] and <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Achaemenid (Persian) Empires] and in several of their successors, such as the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Sassanid Empire] and the <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 1.5; text-decoration: none;">[|Hellenistic] empires

was the period of ancient greek between the death of Alexander the Great in 31 BC and the emergence of the Roman empire .At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak and it is often consideredas a period of transition and sometime even degeneration.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Gonzalez - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Hellenistic Empire-
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Baker - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Constantine <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - <span style="color: #f495b8; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> 1st Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity for mainly political purposes, and by "convert to Christianity", I mean he changed traditionally pagan holidays to Christian ones so the Pagans would convert with him, and that's the story of how Christianity went mainstream and became the State Religion of Rome. He reversed the persecutions of his predecessor, Diocletian, and issued the Edict of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of Christians throughout the empire. He also founded Constantinople (Istanbul) which is still one of the holiest sites for the Christian Orthodox community. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> - <span style="color: #f495b8; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> Melana
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Kaso - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Punic Wars ~ 3 wars fought by Rome and Carthage. Main cause of the war was that Rome wanted to expand its territory, but it was in Carthage territory. Rome ends of winning the last war and they end up taking Carthage. This was a big boost to Rome's confidence because Carthage was a big enemy and they defeat the head power so now Rome is the power house.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Keegan - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Pericles <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - The most prominent and influential Greek statesman,orator and general of Athens during the golden age specifically the time between the persian and peloponnesian wars. Acclaimed as "The first citizen of Athens."
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Lee - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Athens- Is the capital and largest city of Greece. Athens dominates the Attica region and is one of the world's oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning around 3,400 years. Athens was one of the leading centres of trade and prosperity in the region. The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world, its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea, which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta. By the 6th century BC, widespread social unrest led to the reforms of Solon. These would pave the way for the eventual introduction of democracy by Cleisthenes in 508 BC. Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet, and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule. In the ensuing Greco-Persian Wars Athens, together with Sparta, led the coalition of Greek states that repelled the Persians, defeating them decisively at Marathon in 490 BC, and crucially at Salamis in 480 BC. Athens became the capital of Greece in 1834, following Nafplion, which was the provisional capital from 1829. In addition, the municipality of Athens is the capital of the Attica region. Athens can refer either to the municipality of Athens or to the entire Athens Urban Area, which makes up the "City of Athens" that sprawls across the Attica Basin.

<span style="background-color: #fdfbf4; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) took place between the Athenian empire and Peloponnesian league lead by the Spartans. The Peloponnesian league was a coalition of the Thebes, Corinth and Sparta.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Mengel - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Sparta <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> Sparta is a Greek city state. Given its military pre <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> eminence, Sparta was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> Persian Wars. <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> - <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 13.33px;"> Briscoe
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Millican - ** - Sparta is a Greco City State founded during the rapid rise of civilization the the Mediterranean around 650 BC. Sparta was very much a military state, as they were the lead during the Greco - Persian war, and was the main enemy of the Athenians during the Peloponnesian war, from which they rose victoriously. They were defeated and joined Alexander the Great after being defeated by him at Crete in 333 B.C. Sparta is an Oligarchy. The state was ruled by two hereditary kings of the Agiad and Eurypontid families, both supposedly descendants of Heracles and equal in authority, so that one could not act against the power and political enactments of his colleague. The duties of the kings were primarily religious, judicial, and military. They were the chief priests of the state and also maintained communication with the Delphian sanctuary, which always exercised great authority in Spartan politics. In the time of Herodotus, about 450 BC, their judicial functions had been restricted to cases dealing with heiresses, adoptions and the public roads. Aristotle describes the kingship at Sparta as "a kind of unlimited and perpetual generalship" while Isocrates refers to the Spartans as "subject to an oligarchy at home, to a kingship on campaign". Only SPartans were true citzens of Sparta. - Joseph Millican(unfinished, need to discuss the economy and technological advances)
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Monteith - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Delian League - after the fall of the Persians at Salamis in 480 led to the creation of the Delian League. There are not many records of the meeting of the league, it is not even clear which states were members of the league. Although historians know that after a few years of organization almost all Ionian Greek cities had joined to show their freedom from the Persians.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Olmos - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Pelopennesian War

<span style="background-color: #fdfbf4; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The war was divided into 3 phases: The Archidamian War, The Sicilian war and The Ionian or Decelean War: phase. The war commenced on 4 April 431 B.C. when the Thebans launched a surprise attack on Plataea, who as a partner of Athens. The war ended on 25 April 404 B.C. when Athens surrendered.

<span style="background-color: #fdfbf4; color: #333333; font-family: arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;">The Peloponnesian War remodeled the entire Greek state. The Athenian empire, which was a stronger side prior to the war, was reduced to a mere vulnerable slave of Sparta. After the war, Sparta was the ruling state of Greece. The war destroyed the economies and brought poverty and sufferings to the state. Athens could never gain its lost prosperity that it was proud of, pre-war.

The Assembly, was all the citizens who showed up to vote. the assembly (which were the citizens who voted) could decide on new laws, important decisions, like whether or not to go to war. The Council, oversaw much of the day-to-day running of the government. The Council was determined by the lottery, if your name was chosen, then you would be on the council for one year. The Courts, handled law suits & trials, the court had large juries help make decisions, for private lawsuits the jury was at least 201 people. For public lawsuits the jury was at least 501 people.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Ovalle - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Athenian Democracy - Democracy in ancient Greece was very direct, that means all citizens voted on all the laws. Rather than vote for representatives, like we do, each citizen was expected to vote for every law. They did have officials to run the government however, most of these officials were chosen by a lottery. So every citizen had a chance, regardless popularity or wealth. There were three main parts of the government, the assembly, the council of 500, & the courts.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Philip - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Spartan Militarism - The city state rose to become the dominant land power in ancient Greece, around 650 AD. They were also recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Rahman - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Senate- The Roman Senate was a political institution in ancient Rome. It was one of the most enduring institutions in Roman history, being founded in the first days of the city. It survived the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC, the fall of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC, the split of the Roman Empire in 395 AD, the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, and barbarian rule of Rome in the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries. The Senate of the West Roman Empire continued to function until 603 AD.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Rivers - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> The Assembly of the Centuries - the roman republic was one of the three voting assemblies in the Roman constitution. It was named the Century Assembly as it divided Roman citizens into one hundred different groups. However, during the years of the Roman Republic, the number of groups were increased to 197.


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Romero - ** Jesus (born 3 BC) was a teacher and the central figure for Christianity. He had lots of people listening to him, because he was able to do the impossible (gave sight to a blind man, cured people of leprosy, etc.). The Jewish leadership had felt threatened by him and tried to kill him. The last week of his life he rode into Jerusalem on a donkey, showing he was modest. On his last Monday he saw that there were money collectors in the temple and got angry and started throwing things. That Thursday night he was arrested and put on trial. During his trial he asked if he was Messiah, in which he replied, "I am," meaning he was God. Since human execution was forbidden in Jerusalem they sent Jesus to Pilate, then to Herod, and finally back to Pilate. Jesus was then scourged till the point where he was unrecognizable. Jesus was taken up to Mount Moriah and crucified, dying in 3-4 hours. After his death an earthquake and storm came.
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Russell - ** Paul of Taurus 'Paul of Tarsus (aka. Paul the Apostle, or Saul of Tarsus) was a Christian missionary (one who tries to convert other people to their beliefs) who at first despised Christians of any sort and Jesus himself, however whenever he traveled to Damascus Paul became a devoted Christian and follower of Jesus by spying the resurrected Jesus Christ and stopped terrorizing the others. Paul became a very faithful Christian man; he taught others of his knowledge of Jesus and the New Testament. Paul wrote 14 of the 27 books of the New Testament. He has one of the most famous quotes of the Bible, ‘I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me’ (Philippians 4:13).'
 * <span style="color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Santos - ** <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif;"> Peter, James, and John--- Three of the twelve diciples of Jesus Christ. Christ did not manifest his glory to all peoples at once, nor even did he show himself transfigured to the entire company of the Apostles; rather, he chose only the three – Peter, James the Greater, and John the Beloved – as witnesses to his Transfiguration. The Transfiguration of Jesus is an episode in the New Testament narrative in which Jesus is transfigured (or metamorphosed) and becomes radiant upon a mountain.

> > -It was fought to gain control of Sicily. > -When Romans got to Sicily they had to fight Syracuse and even though they won, the Romans still had to fight the Carthaginians. > -The battle between the Romans and the Carthaginians was one of the hardest sea battles in ancient times. > -Romans won > -After the war the Romans had lost almost all of their ships and fleet. After a while the Carthaginians had invaded Spain, and Spain called for help to the Romans. > 2. 2nd Punic War was fought (218-201 BC) > -T he leader of the Carthaginians, General Hannibal, was Rome’s greatest enemy. General Hannibal was probably one of the greatest leaders of all time. > -The Carthaginians surprised Rome when they decided to cross the Alps. The only setback for Carthage was when Hannibal decided to cross the Alps with forty thousand men and thirty-seven elephants, they lost nearly one-third of their army from cold and avalanches. > -The Roman general at the time, Fabius Maximus, discovered what Hannibal was doing (not going into Rome but into southern Italy) and decided to burn all of the crops around that area so Hannibal’s army would starve. > -The Romans ended up suffering the bloodiest and greatest loss in all of Roman History. > -While all of this was going on the Romans and Carthaginians were still fighting in Spain. > 3. The Romans were under the command of a general named Scipio who was a great general and had been studying Hannibal’s tactics for a long time. > -The Romans ended up defeating the Carthaginians out of Spain. The Romans returned to Carthage to try and gain control of it. > -Fifty years after the war ended, Carthage started to become very rich again and decided to fight the Romans again. > -After fighting for two years, the Romans ended up defeating Carthage. > > - Truth is what cannot change, meaning that there are very few truths because almost all things change. -Joseph Millican Truth is what is not false, TRUTH CAN CHANGE OVER TIME ? My shirt is white, that is true, then I painted my shirt red, that is true. My shirt is no longer white, therefore the truth has changed. Truth is what is correct at that point of time -Catherine "TooTrue" Smith Are you sure that isn't fact?-Joseph <span style="display: block; height: 1px; left: 0px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; top: 1824px; width: 1px;">
 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * 1) Abuga - Who is Nebuchadnezzar? was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon. He ruled for 23 years according to the //Babylonian King List C//, and was the most prominent monarch of this dynasty. He is best known for his victory over Elam and the recovery of the cultic idol of Mardurk.
 * 2) Baker - What is the importance of the Neo-Babylonian Empire? - During the Neo-Babylonian period, one of the most famous rulers, Nebuchadnezzar ii, conquered the Tribe of Judah, which along with the Assyrian conquest of Canaan (Israel), severely damaged the Hebrew civilization, which would not be freed until the reign of Cyrus the Great (Persia) -Baker The Neo Babylonian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC. This period witnessed a general improvement in economic life and agricultural production, and a great flourishing of architectural projects, the arts and science. The Neo-Babylonian period ended with the reign of Nabonidus in 539 BC. To the east, the Persians had been growing in strength, and eventually Cyrus the Great established his domination over Babylon. - Sohan
 * 3) Bates - Who were the Persians, and what impact did they have on the West? (It’s always advisable to know your conquerors as well as what they conquered.) The Persians were a people who originated in the area around modern day Pars, Iran and were given the name 'Persians' by the Greeks. The First Persian Empire is also called the Achaemenid Empire. This Empire stretched from the Indus Valley to Northeastern Greece, and eventually conquered Egypt as well. The contact between Persia and the West was most prominent through the Ionian coast, where the periphery regions of both entities overlapped in what can be thought of as an "interaction zone" between Persian and Greek influences. The interaction between Greeks and Persians however is not entirely a center-periphery model with inevitable clashes, but is in fact a "reciprocal cultural interaction" in which Persians were influenced by the Greek culture and its architectural, philosophical elements, while the Greeks were influenced by the Persian culture and its socio-political, artistic, and ceremonial elements. The Persians did attempt to conquer Greece but they were defeated and that stopped them from spreading west any further. The Greeks were not the only ones who adopted Persian ideas, the Romans did too.
 * 4) Benavides -Who is Cyrus the Great? -- towering figure in history of mankind. first leader to be referred as "The Great" founded the first world empire and second Iranian dynastic empire (first emperor) the Achaemenids defeated the Median dynasty and united the Meds with the other major Iranian tribe
 * 5) Boboy - What were the major religions that developed in the West? - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all of which are Monotheistic. ( If i missed anything please add on.) - Sohan
 * 6) Briscoe - How does religion in the West differ from religion in the East? - Religion in the west are all mainly Monotheistic while religion in the east are all mainly polytheistic. - Sohan
 * 7) Cardoza - What is Zoroastrianism?  Polytheistic, pre-Islamic religion founded by Zarathustra (Zoroaster), in 6 BC in Ancient Persia. Believe in Ahura Mazda (God of good) and Angra Mainya (God of evil). Some believe that Ahura Mazda is the creator of everything and He should be worshiped. They also believe that good deeds is need to prevent chaos and to be truly happy. Concept of free will is taught. When the time comes for the world to end, Zoroastrians think that a Soashyant (savior figure) will bring the final renovation and the dead with be revived. This will only happen if Angra Mainyu prevails of all good.
 * 8) Concha - What were the major cultures the comprised early Greek civilization?
 * 9) Dorsett - Who is Moses? - Moses was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an, and the Baha'i scripture, a religious leader, lawgiver, and prophet, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. He is the most important prophet in Judaism and is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam as well as a number of other faiths. - Sohan
 * 10) Duckworth - What is Mosaic Law? How does it impact the development of Western Culture? - The Mosaic Law is a biblical term first found in the Book of Joshua where Joshua writes the words of "the Law of Moses" on the altar at Mount Ebal. (Couldn't find the second part, if you find it put it on here.) - Sohan
 * 11) Elbushra - Who is Jesus of Nazareth?......<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #343b40; font-family: times,serif; font-size: 14px;">Jesus Christ was born circa 6 B.C. in Bethlehem. Little is known about his early life, but as a young man, he founded Christianity, one of the world’s most influential religions. His life is recorded in the New Testament, more a theological document than a biography. According to Christians, Jesus is considered the incarnation of God and his teachings an example for living a more spiritual life. Christians believe he died for the sins of all people and rose from the dead.
 * 12) Fackrell - Who were the Jewish Patriarchs? - The Patriarchs of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israeletes. These three figures are referred to collectively as the patriarchs of Judaism and the period in which they lived is known as the patriarchal age. They were pretty much the main founders of Judaism. - Sohan
 * 13) Gonzalez - Who were the founders of the Christian Church? -
 * 14) Jacobs - Describe the growth of the Christian Church in the Mediterranean Basin. What factors led to its rapid growth? - Christianity had a very high growth rate due to many factors. One was the fact that since it was in the mediterranean then the cities weren't too far from eachother which made it easier to spread through ships and easier travels rather than walking thousands of miles. Another factor was the fact that Jesus had been doing miracles that are said to never be done and this got the attention of people. - Sohan
 * 15) Kaso - What was the Delian League, and what was Athen’s role in it? - The Delian League was an association of greek city states controlled by the city of Athens. Their purpose was to continue to fight against the persian empire. Athens' role in this League was that they were the head owners or controllers of this group and since they took dominant control of this League it angered some of the other people within the league eventually leading to the peloponnesian wars. - Sohan
 * 16) Keegan - What was the Peloponnesian War?- The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. The Peloponnesian War reshaped the ancient Greek world. On the level of international relations, Athens, the strongest city-state in Greece prior to the war's beginning, was reduced to a state of near-complete subjection, while Sparta became established as the leading power of Greece. The economic costs of the war were felt all across Greece; poverty became widespread in the Peloponnese, while Athens found itself completely devastated, and never regained its pre-war prosperity
 * 17) Lee - What role does art and literature play in both Greece and Rome? Art from ancient Greece and Rome is often called classical art. This is a reference to the fact that the art was not only beautiful and of high quality but that it came from a Golden Age in the past and was passed down to us today. Greek art influenced Roman art and both of them were an inspiration for the Renaissance. The Greeks have been described as idealistic, imaginative and spiritual while the Romans were slighted for being too closely bound to the world they saw in front of them. The Greeks produced the Olympics and great works of art while the Romans devised gladiator contests and copied Greek art.
 * 18) Mengel - Who was Pericles, and why is he significant in Greek history?--- Pericles was the Athenian leader who led Athens during its decades of greatest glory between the final defeat of the Persians and the agony of war with Sparta.
 * 19) Millican - How does family structure differ among the Greek city states? - In Athens, the population was divided into four social classes based on wealth. People could change classes if they made more money. In Sparta, all male citizens were given the title of equal if they finished their education. However, Spartan kings, who served as the city-state's dual military and religious leaders, came from two families.
 * 1) Monteith - What was the role of women in Ancient Greece? - Women were treated horribly like low class citizens that didn't matter. They had no control over their marriage, all of their inheritance would be given to their husband, and they were always disrespected and dishonored. - Sohan
 * 2) Olmos - What were the significant battles in the Greco-Persian wars? How did they impact the development of the West?
 * 3) Ovalle - Who were the principal emperors of the Roman Empire and when did they rule?
 * 4) Philip - Who were the principal rulers in the Persian Empire? First, there was Cyrus the Great who founded the Achaemenid Empire. He ruled from 559-529 BC, by conquering the Median Empire. He then conquered the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Because his expansion was so vast, he is known to have created the largest empire the world had yet seen. Another prominent ruler in the Persian Empire is Darius the Great, ruling from 550-486 BC. He divided the empire into 20 provinces to try to stop any single region from becoming too powerful. King Darius also reorganized the Persian government and won great victories in Turkey. The ruler even led an invasion of Greece, but his army was defeated by the Greek soldiers at the famous battle of Marathon in 490 BC. This led to a long-lasting war between the Greeks and the Persians.
 * 5) Rahman - What were the significant contributions of Greece to Western society?- Greece had many contributions to the western society, for example, they had the first real known democracy which eventually migrated into the west which shapes our government now. It acted as a base plan for how most democracies are set up in our time. They had also contributed philosophies such as the socratic method of thinking and asking questions thoroughly rather then plainly. Other things like sports and medicine were derived from ancient greek as well like the olympic games they had back then are modified and still used now.
 * 6) Rivers - What impact did the Germanic invasions have on both the Eastern and Western Roman Empire? Germanic tribes lived in Scandinavia and the land between the Elbe and Oder Rivers. To the west of the Elbe River the land was occupied by Celtic people. To the east of the Oder River there were Baltic people such as the Letts and Lithuanians. Over the centuries the German tribes between the Elbe and the Oder pushed west driving the Celts out. By 200 B.C. the border between the Germans and the Celts was pushed to the Rhine River. The German tribes also pushed from the lowere Elbe region to the upper Elbe region occupying what is now southern Germany.
 * 7) Romero - What was the impact of trade on both the early and late Roman Empire? Roman trade drove the economy of the late Republic and the early Empire. Trade was vital to the success of the Empire, because wealth obtained from trade was used for agriculture produce and the manufacture of weapons. When the Empire collapsed, trade throughout the lands that had once made up the Roman Empire, also collapsed.
 * 8) Russell - Land reforms play an important political role in classical civilizations. What is the history of land reform in the Roman Empire? ' These land reforms were primarily led by the Gracchi brothers (Tiberius and Gaius, who were later murdered for their work). The poor were being pushed off of their farmland, and the two brothers wanted to put an end to it. Tiberius placed overseers to watch over this distribution, which eventually led to him and his people getting killed because the senate-- who owned many acres of land and that's how they got much of their income-- were furious that he'd suggest them giving away their land to the poorer. His brother Gaous tried setting up the same thing but also met the same fate, before committing suicide.'
 * 9) Santos - What is meant by the term “bread and circuses”? - Bread and circuses became the method that the ruling class of ancient Rome used to maintain their power and control of the people. This method kept their sheep fat and happy, even as they fleeced them and sent them off to plunder the free world. A metaphor for a superficial means of appeasement.
 * 10) Schaefer - How is slavery addressed in both the Greek and Roman civilizations? How is labor in general viewed in both of these societies?
 * 11) Smith - In addition to the Persians, Greeks, and Romans, what other cultures existed in the Mediterranean basin during the Foundations time period? Nomadic? tribes existed throughout the area and other tribes that tempted to become vigorously involved with the other cultures through trade and attack
 * 12) Teems - What were the significant architectural accomplishment of the Greeks and Romans? '**Romans—**Arches and domes (such as the panthenon), Thermaes (bathing houses), Tower of Hercules, Verona Arena, gardens (in the richer housing areas), villas, brick, roofing.**Greek—**Temples, columns (the three types are doric, ionic, Corinthian) that varied from straight up and down to semi-detailed bases to ridiculously detailed bases, theatres that you watch the lion vs. man stuff in (theature of Dionysus), mosaics, detailed art painted on walls and floors and ceilings, the Parthenon.'
 * 13) Wollenburg - War plays a significant role in the development of Rome. What were the significant wars and battles that took place in the Mediterranean Basin - 1. 1st Punic War-fought against people of Carthage (264-241 BC)
 * 1) Abuga - Who wrote what, when, and what was the topic – i.e. Aristotle wrote The Politics.
 * 2) Baker - What is Hellenism, and what impact does it have on the Western World? Hellenism is described as being the peoples of Hellenic, or Greek, lineage. It can also be called a set of specific values of lving, orginating back to the Greeks, and whether someone is Greek or not, these values are so common and so popular in todays world, that generally anyone could have them. In general, Hellenism is the spread of Greek culture throughout the world. -Baker
 * 3) Bates - What were the Greek and Roman contributions to Western Civilization? <span style="color: #272dea; font-family: Comic Sans MS,cursive;">The Greeks contributed; philosophies about the world(What is Life?), mathematical discoveries(Geometry), scientific discoveries(mapping the stars), architecture (pillars), theatre (actors), and air conditioning. The Romans contributed; architecture (dome), spectator sports (gladiators), The Julian Calender, Roman Numerals, Christianity (the expansion of).
 * 4) Benavides - What was the role of law in Rome? What innovations did the Romans create regarding law? concerned with relationships between people, their legal actions, the right they have on goods. innovated modern types of governments Monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and started jurisdictions (judge, plaintiff, and defendant)
 * 5) Boboy - Describe the changes that occur in the Roman government from the time of the Republic to the movement of the capital from Rome to Constantinople?
 * 6) Briscoe - What factors led Diocletian to divide the Roman Empire and establish the Tetrarchy?
 * 7) Cardoza - What were the different social classes that existed in the Roman Empire? How well did they coexist, and what concessions were made by the upper classes to placate the lower classes?
 * 8) Concha - What were the impacts of the Hellenistic Empire on the Mediterranean Basin in particular, and on Western civilization in general?
 * 9) Dorsett - Compare Roman government with Athenian government. How are they the same and how do they differ?
 * 10) Duckworth - What is the impact of Christianity on the Roman Empire? How does it compare with the impact of Buddhism on Han China?
 * 11) Elbushra - What is the impact of the Hun Migration on civilization?
 * 12) Fackrell - What is the Tetarchy?-  describes any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Empire Diocletian.
 * 13) Gonzalez - What were the humanist philosophies of both Greece and Rome? How do these philosophies leave Greece and Rome open to growth of Christianity?
 * 14) Jacobs - How do the various religions – both Oriental and Occidental – compare to each other across a variety of subjects – i.e. tenets, views of the world, view of nature, the creation, salvation...
 * 15) Kaso - What were the significant contributions of Rome to Western society?
 * 16) Keegan - What’s a barbarian? In the clash between sedentary and nomadic society, what advantages does each side possess over the other?The term "barbarian" refers to a person who is perceived to be uncivilized. The word is often used either in a general reference to member of a nation or ethnos, typically a tribal society as seen by an urban civilization either viewed as inferior, or admired as a noble savage. In idiomatic or figurative usage, a "barbarian" may also be an individual reference to a brutal, cruel, warlike, insensitive person. Much has been made historically of the so-called clash between the "desert" and the "sown," the "barbarians" versus the "civilized," Throughout recorded history nomads have provided sedentary populations with items such as horses, furs, meat, and wool, in exchange for grains, luxuries, and other manufactured goods. These trade relationships have impacted the course of human history in many ways, not the least of which was the role of nomads in supporting and maintaining the so-called silk roads across Eurasia, which served as the conduit of long-distance interactions between sedentary civilizations for centuries.
 * 1) Lee - What factors lead to the fall of the Roman Empire? What leads to the demise of the Han Empire? Are the two events related, and if so, how? Factors that led to the fall of the Roman Empire were expansion and loss of power, Juilius Caesar trying to run a huge empire as a dictator, the Constatine splitting the empire into two halves, military problems, and many other reasons. There are actually two stages of Han Dynasty in China.The Western Han (206 B.C.--8 A.D.) and the Eastern Han period (25 A.D.--220 A.D. The downfall of the Western Han dynasty was mainly due to emperors who neglected their duties.After the Han Xuan emperor died,there not a single emperor after him that was serious about the political and economic conditions of China.However,people only started to rebel after Wang Mang implemented new economic policies that increase the backwardness of the economic conditions in China instead of improving it like he initially thought. The downfall of the Eastern Han empire was mainly due to political rivalries that occurs in the palaces between eunuchs,the family empress dowager,and the subjects.The emperor was nothing more than a mere puppet in the hands of these people.Though some emperor manage to gain political power in these endless political rivalries,he was unable to solve the problem faced by the people of China at that time such as drought and the invasion of foreign armies.The problem became worse after the Yellow Turban rebellion,where many warlords divides China after they crushed the rebellion. The two empires were somewhat related, because both crashed due to the neglect of power. No one would try to keep the kingdom in tact and forget about the power they held.
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14.66px;"> What is Truth? Truth is the zombie apocalypse is happening soon <span style="font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 14.66px;">. -One and only. Young Lee