Unit+05+Review+-+China,+the+Mongols,+and+the+Pacific+Rim

__Directions__: The Identification Questions will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. Be thorough answering the Review Questions. Many of them require answers of more than five contiguous sentences. If your response is only one or two simple sentences, then you’re probably not including enough information. Remember to eliminate the links if you’re copying and pasting from other sources. = Identification: = Batu born ** Temujin **, was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise. He came to by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. After founding the Mongol Empire and being proclaimed "Genghis Khan," he started the Mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of Eurasia. These included raids or invasions of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the Khwarezmian controlled lands. By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned Ögedei Khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons. He died in 1227 after defeating the Western Xia. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location. His descendants went on to stretch the Mongol Empire across most of Eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day China, Korea, the Caucasus, Central Asian countries, and substantial portions of modern Eastern Europe, Russia and the Middle East. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations. As a result Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories. Beyond his military accomplishments, Genghis Khan also advanced the Mongol Empire in other ways. He decreed the of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also promoted religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire, and created a unified empire from the nomadic tribes of northeast Asia. Present-day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia. -kacee french were the powerful territorial lords in pre-modern Japan who ruled most of the country from their vast, hereditary land holdings. In the term, "dai" literally means "large", and "myō" stands for myōden, meaning private land. Subordinate only to the shogun, daimyo were the most powerful feudal rulers from the 10th century to the middle 19th century in Japan. From the shugoof the Muromachi period through the Sengoku to the daimyo of the Edo period, the rank had a long and varied history. The term "daimyo" is also sometimes used to refer to the leading figures of such clans, also called "lord". You could thank me now. descending from the Nakatomi clan, was a powerful family of regents in Japan.
 * Abuga - **Ashikaga Shogunate -was a Japanese feudal military regime, ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga clan.
 * Baker - **//Bakufu --// "幕府" literally meaning "tent government", was the generic style in which a shogun ran his government. The tent symbolized the field commander but also indicated that such an office was meant to be temporary. The shogun's officials were as a collective the //bakufu//, and were those who carried out the actual duties of administration while the Imperial court retained only titular authority.
 * Bates - **Battle of Kulikova - ** Battle fought between the armies of the Golden Horde under the command of Mamai, and various Russian principalities under the united command of Prince Dmitri of Moscow. The battle took place on September 8, 1380, at the Kulikovo Fieldnear the Don River and was won by Dmitri, who became known as Donskoy after the battle. Although the victory did not end the Mongol rule over the Russian principalities, it is widely regarded by Russian historians as the turning point when Mongol influence began to wane and Muscovite power to rise—a process that eventually led to Muscovite independence and formation of the modern Russian state. Combined Russian armies under the command of the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitri Ivanovich of Moscow, faced a much larger Tatar force under the command of Mamai, a strongman of the Golden Horde. **
 * Benavides - **Batu-
 * Batu Khan was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Ulus of Jochi (or Golden Horde ), the sub-khanate of the Mongol Empire. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde (or Kipchak Khanate), which ruled Rus, Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. "Batu" or "Bat" literally means "firm" in the Mongolian language. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince called agha (elder brother) in the Mongol Empire. In November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir and demanded his allegiance. When Yuri refused to surrender the Mongols besieged Ryazan. After six days of the bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated. Having burnt Kolomna and Moscow, the group laid siege to Vladimir on February 4, 1238. Three days later the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground. Batu Khan also divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen Rus' cities. The Mongols also invaded central Europe in three groups. One group conquered Poland, the second crossed the Carpathian Mountains and the third followed the Danube. -kacee french **
 * Boboy - **Berke- Ruler(new khan) of the Golden Horde in the north from 1257-1266 C.E. who converted to Islam, his threat to Hulegu along with the growing power of the Mameluks in Egypt forestalled further conquests in the middle east ; also responsible for the first establishment of Islam in a khanate of the Mongol Empire and was the son of Jochi Khan and cousin of Hulegu. ~ Cynthia Boboy
 * Cardoza - **//bushi// --- Japanese version of a vassal. Landlords.
 * Concha - **//bushido - orginitating from theSamurai meaning "the way of the warrior" it was a code of conduct for the samurai class. came with the influence of neoconfucianism. feudal- military code of how the Japanese should honor life//
 * Dorsett - **Chagatai-- second son of Genghis Khan.He was Khan of the Chagatai Khanate from 1226-1242 C.E.He was also appointed by Genghis Khan to oversee the execution of the Yassa ( a written code of law created by Genghis Khan). He ruled for fourteen years before he died.
 * Duckworth - **Chingiss Khan-
 * Elbushra - **//daimyo--//
 * Fackrell - **Empress Wu- She was an empress of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. She was the last wife and the only empress of Liu Bie, the founding emperor of Shu Han. She supported Buddhism.
 * French - **Fujiwara

The clan originated when the founder, Nakatomi no Kamatari (614-669), was rewarded by Emperor Tenji with the honorific "Fujiwara", which evolved as a surname for Kamatari and his descendants.In time, Fujiwara became known as a clan name.

The Fujiwara dominated the Japanese politics of Heian period (794–1185) through the monopoly of regent positions, [|//sesshō// and //kampaku//]. The family's primary strategy for central influence was through the marrying of Fujiwara daughters to emperors. Through this, the Fujiwara would gain influence over the next emperor who would, according to Japanese family tradition, owe loyalty to his grandfather. As abdicated Emperors took over power by exercising // insei // (cloistered rule) at the end of 11th century, then followed by the rise of warrior class, the Fujiwara gradually lost its control over mainstream politics. Beyond the 12th century, they continued to monopolize the titles of sesshō and kampaku for much of the time until the system was abolished in the Meiji era. Though their influence declined, the clan remained close advisors to the succeeding Emperors. a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Southwest Asia. Son of Tolui and the Kerait princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan, and the brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan. Hulagu's army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia, a precursor to the eventual Safavid dynasty, and then the modern state of Iran. Under Hulagu's leadership, the Mongols destroyed the greatest center of Islamic power, Baghdad, and also weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluks in Cairo. was a breakaway state of the Mongol Empire, which was ruled by the Mongol **House of Hulagu**. It was established in the 13th century and was based primarily in Persia as well as neighboring territories, such as present-day Azerbaijan, and the central and eastern parts of present-day Turkey. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Genghis Khann's campaigns in the Khwarazmian Empire in 1219–1224, and was founded by Genghis's grandson, Hulagu Khan. In its fullest extent, the state expanded into territories which today comprise most of Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, western Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan. The Ilkhanate initially embraced many religions, but was particularly sympathetic to Buddhism and Christianity. Later Ilkhanate rulers, beginning with Ghazan in 1295, embraced Islam. is a confucian philosopher he remarked the notability and loyalty that he saw in the calligraphy of scholars from the warring states era. -kacee french Kublai Khan’s transformation from conqueror to ruler led to many developments in Chinese culture. Along with providing religious freedom, he created aid agencies, increased the use of postal stations, established paper currency, reorganized and improved roads, and expanded waterways. Under his rule, the winter capitol was moved from Mongolian territory to the Chinese City of Dadu, which is modern day Beijing. He established the summer capitol in Shangdu, which was referred to as Xanadu. In 1275, Marco Polo, a Venetian explorer, visited Xanadu and a relationship of trust was formed between the two. Polo’s reports on Xanadu and China were new to Western Europeans and sparked further interest in eastern world exploration. The Yuan Dynasty failed, unfortunately, with the death of Kublai Khan due to many factors. Kublai’s decision to move the capitol to Chinese territory and to install his lavish palace at Xanadu offended his Mongolian advisors. He was torn between establishing a stable country and following the traditional nomadic ways of his people. Kublai was eventually synicized and his Mongolian influenced government battled between their ways and the demands of the Chinese. The division in the government and frustrations of the Chinese people were not the only reasons for his downfall. Kublai sought expansionism to appease his frustrated Mongolian advisors and sought after Java and Japan. His attempts failed and cost his government extensive amounts of money. The paper currency he created caused inflation and continual conflicts between disgruntled religious groups arose in the mixed society he fostered. In 1281, the deaths of Kublai’s favorite wife and the throne’s next heir sent him into depression. Consequently, with a declining government in his hands and an ache in his heart, Kublai became an obese drunkard and died at the age of 79. Regardless of Kublai Khan’s demise, the Yuan Dynasty made a lasting impact on China and established the legacy of The Great Khan. is a political and military council of ancient Mongol and Turkic chiefs and khans. The root of the word is "Khur" (assemble/discuss) and that helps form "Khural" meaning political "meeting" or "assembly" in Turkic and Mongolian languages. Khuraldai (written Khuruldai) or Khuraldaan means "a gathering", or more literally, "intergatheration". This root is the same in the Mongolian word //khurim//, which means "feast" and "wedding" and originally referred to large festive gatherings on the steppe, but is used mainly in the sense of wedding in modern times earned academic degrees by passing the rigorou s imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911.
 * Gonzalez - **Golden Horde
 * Jacobs - **Grand Canal - the Grand Canal oldest parts date back to the 5th century was combined during the 10th century during the Sui Dynasty (581-618 AD). it was also known as Beijing-Hangzhou. The Grand Canal starts from Beijing, passes through Tianjin and the princes of Hebei, Shandong, jiangsu and Zhejiang to the city of Hangzhou. Which then links the yellow and the yangtze river together. -Benavides
 * Kaso - **Heian Period- Last division of the Japanese. 794- 1185. Named after the capital city Hien-Kyo modern Kyoto. The peak of Japanese imperial court. A high point in Japanese culture. They had very good art as in their poetry and literature. Also it has a rise in its samurai class. Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese influences are at its highest point. Most of the power was in the Fujiwara clan.
 * Keegan - **Hulegu-
 * Lee - **Ilkhan Khanate -
 * Mengel - **//Junxi-//
 * Millican - **Kublai Khan- was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, reigning from 1260 to 1294, and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China.
 * Monteith - **//Kuriltai -//
 * Olmos - **Kwarazem Emperor
 * Ovalle - **Lady Murasaki
 * Philip - **Li Yuan- He was one of Yangdi's officials, who become the Duke of Tang and eventually the ruler of the Tang Dynasty in 623. Li Yuan and his second son, Tang Taizong, laid the basis for the golden age of the Tang. He conquered deep into central Asia as far as present-day Afghanistan and the dynasty gradually became the most potent military units in the empire.
 * Rahman - **Mamluks - The mamluks were said to be slaves or slaved soldiers of the king. The mamluks overthrew their masters and had a dynasty of their own that lasted up to three hundred years. The mamluks ruled Egypt and Syria from about 1250 to about 1517 until they were wiped out by the Ottoman Turks. The dynasty had two phases. From 1250 to 1381 the Bahri clique produced the Mamluk Sultans; from 1382 until 1517 the Burgi Mamluks were dominant. They destroyed the Crusader kingdoms of Outremer, and saved Syria, Egypt and the holy places of Islam from the Mongols.
 * Rivers - **Marco Polo- was a traveler on the Silk Road and journeyed through China for 24 years. He was a writer and described his journey in China in a book which is really famous. He traced a route around all of China and recorded all of his surroundings in his travelogue. His writings help explain the history of the 13th century and helped create maps. This means now the world can have an idea of where places are and leads to the discovery of america etc. These maps helped the Chinese, the Mongols, andobviously many other empires afterwards when invading and establishing an empire.
 * Romero - **Minamoto: The Minamoto clan was a prominent clan in the Heian period and was one of the surnames bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were demoted into the ranks of the nobility. The Minamoto established the first shogunate, marking the rise of the samurai class and the beginning of a period of over 600 years during which Japan would be under samurai (warrior) rule. The Minamoto were one of four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period — the other three were the Fujiwara, the Taira, and the Tachibana.
 * Russell - **Ming Dynasty 'Ming dynasty (1368–1644) followed the Mongul-led Yong dynasty. Considered one of the greatest human stability eras of all time. Last Han dynasty dynasty. Capital of Beijing fell. During the ming dynasty extensions of the great wall were added and reconstructed. Cannons were introduced to it. Agrarian based. One of the most advanced civilizations of the time, scientific and intellectual accomplishments were common in this era. At one point a ban on trade went up to avoid foreign influences, but was uplifted on 1045. Forbidden city is in beijing. The dynasty ends when emperor Chongzhen commits suicide behind the forbidden city to avoid being caught and killed, and the ming dynasty is replaced by the shun dynasty. '
 * Santos - **Neo - Confucianism -it is a moral, ethical, Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucianism, and originated with Han Yu and Li Ao (772-841) in the Tang Dynasty, and became prominent during the Song and Ming dynasties. neo-Confucianism was an attempt to create a more rational and realistic belief wanting to eliminate superstitious beliefs that they believed had picked up from other religions such as Buddhism and Daoism. Although they criticized these other two religions, they shared many beliefs and ideas.
 * Schaefer - **Ogedei--Third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire by succeeding his father, lived about 1186-11 December 1241, continued expansion of the empire and world figure when the Mongol Empire reached its farthest extent east and south during the invasions of Europe and Asia, participated extensively in conquest of China, Iran and Central Asia like al of Genghis's primary sons, given the temple name of Taizong by Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty.
 * Smith - **Pure Land Buddhism --- in Engish; branch of Mahayana Buddhism. Most widely practiced/common tradition is East Asia. Pure Land is a tradition of Buddhist teachings that're focused on Amitabha Buddha (principal buddha in the Pure Land sect)
 * Teems - **//samurai//
 * Wollenburg - **scholar - gentry - Has a lot of money and knowledge. The money and power was inherited. generally they had a place in government. In order to get that place they would need to pass a test on Confucianism.
 * Abuga - **Seljuk Turks - the Seljuq Turks began to infiltrate the Islamic, Abbasid Caliphate, not in an organised military mass, but as captured slaves or adventurers serving as soldiers. Eventually, some Turkish officers rose to high rank, commanded Arab armies, governed Islamic provinces, and even ruled as independent princes. They were primarily Muslim as a result of their early contacts around the fringes of the new Islamic world. The Seljuks were named after a tribal chief and their original homeland was beyond the Oxus River near the Aral Sea. The Seljuks clearly developed both an effective fighting force and a capable administration. Seljuk administrators came via their close contacts with Persian court life in Khorasan and Transoxania.
 * Baker - **//seppuku --// "切腹" literally meaning "Stomach-Cutting". The word "seppuku" comes from the words //setsu//, meaning "to cut," and //fuku// meaning "abdomen". Seppuku, also known less formally as //Harakiri//, is a form of ritual suicide that was practiced by the samurai and in some cases the Daimyo of Japan. Samurai committed seppuku for a number of reasons in accordance with bushido, the samurai code of conduct. Battlefield seppukus were usually quick affairs; the dishonored or defeated samurai would simply use his short sword or dagger to disembowel himself, and then a second would decapitate him. Planned seppukus, on the other hand, were elaborate rituals. The samurai ate a last meal, bathed, dressed himself carefully, and seated himself on his death cloth. There, he wrote a death poem. Finally, he would open the top of his kimono, pick up the dagger, and stab himself in the abdomen. The more common form of seppuku was simply a single horizontal cut. Once the cut was made, the second would then decapitate them. A more painful version, called //jumonji giri//, involved both a horizontal and vertical cut. The performer of jumonji giri then waited stoically to bleed to death, rather than being dispatched by a second. Motivations could include personal shame due to cowardice in battle, shame over a dishonest act, or loss of sponsorship from a daimyo. Often times samurai who were defeated but not killed in battle would be allowed to commit suicide in order to regain their honor. Honor for the samurai was more dear than life and in many cases, suicide was regarded not simply as right, but as the only right path. Disgrace and defeat were atoned by committing seppuku. Other reasons a samurai committed seppuku were to protest against injustice, as a means to get their lord to reconsider an unwise or unworthy action and as a means to save others, or to show grief or affection towards the Daimyo.

The Song Dynasty is divided into two distinct periods: the Northern Song and Southern Song. During the Northern Song period (960-1127), which was started by Taizu, the Song dynasty promoted learning and those who had merit and skill. Their were innovations in cartography or map making and there was also an astronomical clock tower built by Zhang Suxin. It is also during this time period that we see people like Wang Anshi, Sima Guang, and Su Shi. The Southern Song period (1127-1279) which was created by the fall of the Northern Song's northern land, although weak found new ways to improve its economy for example: The government sponsored massive shipbuilding and harbor improvement projects, and the construction of beacons and seaport warehouses in order to support maritime trade abroad and the major international seaports, such as Quanzhou, Guangzhou, and Xiamen, that were sustaining China's commerce. To protect and support the multitudes of ships sailing for maritime interests into the waters of the East China Sea and Yellow Sea(to Korea and Japan), Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, and the Red Sea, it was a necessity to establish an official standing navy. The Song Dynasty therefore established China's first permanent navy in 1132, with a headquarters at Dinghai. The Southern Song eventually fell to Kublai, who was a mongol, after many battles.
 * Bates - **Song Dynasty - The ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to nationally issue banknotes or true paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a permanent standing navy. This dynasty also saw the first known use of gunpowder, as well as the first discernment of true north using a compass.

Biggest dynasty in China. Li Yuan set base for the Golden Age. Moved capital to Changan. Could afford an army so they were strong in the military department. Daoism and Buddhism co-existed well until the 9th century. Had strong links with Japan and Korea. Nomadic tribes started coming and the people were afraid that their way of life was going to seize to exist. Eventually these nomadic tribes gave in and submited to the Tang rules. A Northern Chinese aristocrat, overthrew Zhou ruler of northern Chinaand unified much of the region. He had support of neighboring nomadic tribes, Wendi defeated the Chen kingdom of southern China and completed the reunification of the Chinese core. Wendi also established granaries as a reserve food supply and lowered taxes. the granaries were used to feed the population in times of shortage and to suppress grain prices. -kacee french Wendi's son, Yangdi murdered his father to seize the throne. He continued the process of political reunification and centralization, including the support for reestablishing the scholar gentry. Yangdi's plans for construction throughout the empire led to internal dissatisfaction with his reign; military failures in Korea and on the western frontier touched off rebellions in China, his own ministers assasinates him in 618, bringing the Sui Dynasty to an end. -kacee french It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its remnants in Mongolia were known as the Northern Yuan. The Yuan is considered both a successor to the Mongol Empire and as an imperial Chinese dynasty. In official Chinese histories, the Yuan Dynasty bore the Mandate of Heaven, following the Song Dynasty and preceding the Ming Dynasty. Although the dynasty was established by Kublai Khan, he placed his grandfather Genghis Khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as Taizu. =**__ Review Questions: __**= > The entire premise of the scholarly meritocracy was based on mastery of the Confucian classics. This had important effects on Chinese society. > Theoretically, this system would result in a highly meritocratic ruling class, with the best students running the country. The examinations gave many people the opportunity to pursue political power and honor — and thus encouraged serious pursuit of formal education. Since the system did not formally discriminate based on social status, it provided an avenue for upward social mobility regardless of age or social class. > However, even though the examination-based bureaucracy's heavy emphasis on Confucian literature ensured that the most eloquent writers and erudite scholars achieved high positions, the system lacked formal safeguards against political corruption, besides the Confucian moral teachings tested by the examinations. Once their political futures were secured by success in the examinations, high-ranking officials were often tempted to corruption and abuse of power. Moreover, the relatively low status of military professionals in Confucian society discouraged similar efficiency and meritocracy within the military. >  > >  > >
 * Benavides - **Sui Dynasty - (581- 618) founded by emperor Wendi Sui but continued by his son Yangdi, the sui dynasty was a short lived imperial Chinese dynasty it was preceded by the southern and northerner dynasties, it unified China for the first time after the Dark Ages. it was then followed by the Tang Dynasty. Under Yangdi's rule he extended his dad's conquest, kicked out all the nomads, established milder legal code and improved confucian education. He also constructed the Grand Canal which improved trade routes between the north and south.
 * Boboy - **Taira- The Taira clan was a Japanese clan of samurai who dominated the imperial court in Japan from 1160 - 1185 C.E and Taira was also one of the surnames bestowed by the emperors of the Heian period to certain ex-members of the imperial family when they became subjects ,they controlled the emperor for some time and dominated in court, monopolizing high positions at the Imperial court ,which eventually led to the Gempei Wars in 1180 C.E. between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan and resulted in the destruction/ end of the Taira clan in 1185 C.E. -Cynthia Boboy
 * Cardoza - **Tang Dynasty --- Went from 618 - 907.
 * Concha - **//tumens- was a decimal unit used my the mongols to organize their armies. A tumen would a unit of 10,000 soldiers.//
 * Dorsett - **Wendi
 * Duckworth - **Yangdi-
 * Elbushra - **Yuan Dynasty--
 * 1) ** Fackrell - **What dynasties govern China during the period 600 - 1450, and more specifically, when do they hold power?
 * 2) ** French - **What is the Sui Dynasty so short - lived? What brought about its collapse? Who are the principle actors of this era?
 * 3) ** Gonzalez - **What are the primary reforms and projects of the Sui Dynasty?
 * 4) ** Jacobs - **Who founded the Tang Dynasty? What made the rapid revival of the Tang possible?
 * 5) ** Kaso - **What is the significance of the Empress Wu on Chinese society? What policies does she implement? - She makes the state religion Buddhism. That creates conflict in Chinese society for the people who believe in Confucianism. This creates a new group of people called neoconfucians. They don't like Buddhism because it asks questions they don't like people asking questions. She made great expansions to the China and she also made some constructions of bronze castings. She caused disorder in social classes. She supported Buddhism because it supported women unlike Confucianism. She had a women's campaign to educated women and make them scholars.
 * 6) ** Keegan - **What is the impact of the increasing influence of Buddhism on Tang/Song China? What impact does the religion have on the region during the period 600 - 1450? (this includes the Koreans, the Japanese, and the Vietnamese). **Tang/song era:** //Confucianism threatened the growth of Buddhism. Buddhism flourished in the era of division. Daoist and Confucians attacked Buddhism as alien importation in china Confucian bureaucrats said Buddhism posed a threat to Chinese economy.//
 * 7) ** Lee - **What is Pure Land Buddhism and how does it vary from Chan Buddhism?
 * 8) ** Mengel - **What role are women given in China during the various dynasties? How does that role change and why? Women in China were not viewed with very much respect at all! At the time really all they were useful for was sex. Young females in the upper class went through a painful process called footbinding.(See image on page 282 of your textbook) When they were little there grandmothers would put a wedge right under the bend of their foot and break the foot and bend there toes over the wedge. The reasoning behind this is similar to that of the "high heal." Footbinding allowed for more prominent calf muscles and reshaped a woman's behind. This also changed the way the woman walked and the way there hips moved. With this, came lack of mobility-which was great for the male figure. This restricted the women to the household and made them more dependent upon the male figure..
 * 9) ** Millican - **Who are the scholar - gentry? Scholar - gentries were civil servants appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance from the Han Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. These officials mostly came from the well-educated men known as the scholar-gentry. These men had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing the rigorous imperial examinations. The scholar-officials were schooled in calligraphy and Confucian texts. They dominated the politics of China until 1911.Since only a small fraction of them could become court officials, the majority of the scholar-gentry stayed in local villages or cities as social leaders. The scholar-gentry carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped decide minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the government's collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings. As a class, these scholars represented morality and virtue. Although they received no official salary and were not government officials, their contributions and cooperation were much needed by the district magistrate in governing local areas, and received contributions from the imperial dynasty as well.
 * 1) ** Monteith - **What is the impact of Neo - Confucianism on China during the Tang - Song Period, and beyond?
 * 2) ** Olmos - **What is the “equal field” system, and what impact does it have on China?
 * 3) ** Ovalle - **What technological advancements are made during the Tang/Song period, and how do they impact both China and the world at large?
 * 4) ** Philip - **What is flying cash, and how does it impact the Chinese economy? Flying cash was a paper currency of the Tang Dynasty. Although it could be easily destroyed and copied, it was easy for people to transport the money. It wasn't meant to be used as a legal tender, but as a way for the Tang Dynasty to pay merchants. However, since the money could be exchanged for hard currency at the capital, they were traded among the merchants. This led to paper money being officially established as a legal tender, during the time of the Song and subsequent Jin.
 * 5) ** Rahman - **What are the primary differences between the Tang and Song Dynasties? How do these differences impact both China and the rest of the region? - The Tang were more advanced militaristically whereas the Song focused on the arts and culture. The Song dynasty didn't want to fall like the Tang had in the end of their dynasty, so they didn't really focus on their military as much. Instead they focused and relied more upon their scholar gentry's. The power was mainly held by the scholar gentry within the Song. The Tang had the only Empress within their dynasty (Empress Wu.) Neo Confucianism was also developed within the Tang and more lands were conquered due to the impressive military. Within the Song things like paper money, porcelain, and gunpowder were created hoping to help with their economy and military. The Song had always been weak within their military, so whenever they had come in contact with northern tribes they would either fall or have to pay excessive tribute for protection or an agreement not to attack. This brought China's economy down a lot and eventually when more northern tribes would come in contact like the Jurchens they would flee and China's size would go down due to outsiders taking their land. The Tang never did really have this problem, in fact it was probably opposite because the Tang conquered more lands which would increase the size of China and bring in more people because they can feel protected with a military like theirs.
 * 6) ** Rivers - **What are the differences between the Northern Song and the Southern Song Dynasties?- The Northern Song Dynasty was known to be the most successful dynasty yet in China. They were very large and had an extremely strong centralized government. Nothing truly changed that much from the previous dynasties, except now, instead of Confucianism, it was Neo-Confucianism. A new art and literature age also expanded upon this new and exciting dynasty. Even to this day, some people truly think that this dynasty was the absolute best of all the others. After some conflict with the Jin 'province', the Song dynasty had to turn itself into the Southern Song Dynasty, losing a 1/3 of their land. Their government was now very weak, but their economy was absolutely amazing now, establishing many seaports, but now also being very vulnerable there! The start of paper currency also started becoming more and more popular, also boosting the economy even more.
 * 7) ** Romero - **What was the status of Mongol women in China during the Yuan dynasty? Throughout the Yuan dynasty many Mongol women remained relatively independent. Most women had refused to adopt to the practice of foot-binding, which so limited the activities of Chinese women. They retained their rights to property and control within the household as well as the freedom to move about the town and countryside. On occasion Mongol women rode to the hunt, both with their husbands and at the head of their own hunting parties. The persisting influence of Mongol women after the Mongols settled down in China is exemplified by Chabi, the wife of Kubilai Khan.
 * 8) ** Russell - **Describe the line of succession of the Mongol Khans. Who succeeded whom? 'There were a lot of mongul khans, but here’ll be the most notable ones. GENGHIS KHAN was the emperor (the great khan) of the mongol empire. He became emperor by uniting nomadic tribes of northeast asia before beginning raids in eurasia, invading in many of the dynasties during the time period and killing thousands of people in the western Xia, Jin, Caucasus, and many more dynasties. He adopted the Uyghur script as the mongul’s writing system, and united the nomadic tribes of asia. By monguls, Genghis is considered the father of mongolia. OGEDEI KHAN was Genghis’s third son and the second great khan of mongol’s empire. His nephew founded the Yuan dynasty, but Ogedei went on many conquests as emperor and conquered much land in china, iran, and central asia. GUYUK KHAN was Ogedei’s nephew whom founded the yuan dynasty in 1271 AD. He was also known as the third great khan of the monguls. MONGKE KHAN (aka—emperor Xianzong of the yuan empire) was the fourth great khan of the mongol empire. Under him the monguls conquered Iraq and Syria and Nanzhaos kingdom.'
 * 9) ** Santos - **After Ghengis Khan’s death, how was his empire subdivided, and who was assigned the task of ruling each of these regions?
 * 10) ** Schaefer - **What was the Mongol policy regarding the religion of conquered peoples?--HIGHLY TOLERANT of most religions, and at the same time sponsored several religions.
 * 11) ** Smith - **How did the Mongols administer the vast territory of their empire?
 * 12) ** Teems - **What were both positive and negative consequences of Mongol rule on Asia and Europe?
 * 13) ** Wollenburg - **What was the Mongol military like? What tactics did they employ? What kind of weaponry did they use? What innovations did they employ? - They used short bows, horses, and many men to make attacks. They would send in one group of people to attack, retreat, drawing the enemies to follow, then send in another group to attack the city. They would also use catapults to fling cats with a lit torch ties to their tails into walled cities. The cats would run around lighting the place on fire. They Mongols would also use horses. The horses would give them the advantage of speed. They would even have stops for the horses every 25 miles. They would get of their horse, tie it up, get on the new and go to the next stop. This tactic would allow for faster travel and communication speed.
 * 14) ** Abuga - **What was the basic unit of Mongol society? -tribes united the mongol societies. they were fragile and since everyone was separated when they had to work together it brought them closer.
 * 15) ** Baker - **What was the order of conquest for Ghengis Khan and his successors?
 * 16) ** Bates - **Why did the Mongols fail to invade farther into Russia? What prevented their conquest of Western Europe?
 * 17) ** Benavides - **What is Pax Mongolica, and what impact did it have on the global trade network? - Also known as Pax Tararica is a latin phase which means "mongol peace" was coined by western scholars to describe the stabilizing effect of the conquest of the mongol empire on social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of vast Eurasian territory that the Mongols conquered in the 13/14th centuries. during the Pax Mongolica, the global trade network flourished european merchants such as Marco Polo made it to China, as well as Islamic teachings of mathematics, astronomy and science. it was safer to travel and trade with china. the economy advanced along with culture and social aspects of the Mongol empire. the Pax mongolica brought stability to the empire until its end created by the sudden rise of the black death.
 * 18) ** Boboy - **How does the Yuan Dynasty impact the role of women in China? Conversely, how does the Mongol occupation of China impact the role of women within Mongol society? -The Yuan Dynasty impacted the rule of women by adopting and building up Neo-Confucian values(Neo-Confucianism) which advocated(supported) the confinement of women and stressed the role of women as homemaker and mother,particularly as the bearer of sons to continue the patrilineal family line.The Mongol occupation of China impacted the role of women by allowing them to have more freedom and work outside of the house doing things such as herding and milking all liverstock, loading the yurts, and making felt for the yurt. Even though they were allowed to work outside, they still had to work inside as well cooking, sewing, and taking care of their husbands and children. While Mongolian women were allowed to move about more freely in public during most of the reign of the Mongol Empire, during the end of the Yuan Dynasty the increasing influence of Neo-Confucianism saw greater limits placed on Mongol women, and women of the Mongol ruling class saw their freedom and power reduced.~Cynthia Boboy
 * 19) ** Cardoza - **What were both the short - term and long - term impacts of Mongol rule on Russia? --- Long term: Russia grew in more ways than one. Politically, economically. It became richer because of trade but all of this started to fall apart when invaders started to come. Short term: Copied some of the way of punishments of the Mongols. Their brutality.
 * 20) ** Concha - **What were the consequences of the Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Dynasty and Islam as a whole?
 * 21) ** Dorsett - **Who was Tamerlane? What region of the globe did he conquer? How did his empire differ from the Mongol Empire?Tamerlane (1336-1405) was a central Asian conqueror who gained power in the late 1300s.He was a barbaric warrior and a brilliant military leader whose fearsome tactics earned him the name Tamerlane the Terrible. By 1370 he was a powerful warlord whose government was centered in the province of Samarkand, in present-day Uzbekistan. In 1383 he launched a series of conquests that lasted more than 20 years and gained him control of a vast region including Iraq, Armenia, Mesopotamia, Georgia, Russia, and parts of India.He ruled not only places in Asia;he ruled places where there were lots of people outside of the continent.
 * 1) ** Duckworth - **How did the Yuan Dynasty differ from its predecessors? What were the strengths and weaknesses of the dynasty?
 * 2) ** Elbushra - **What was the impact of the attempted invasion of Japan by the Mongols? Why did Kublai Khan fail in his attempt to invade Japan?.......
 * 3) ** Fackrell - **What is the impact of China on early Japan?
 * 4) ** French - **How do the Chinese impact Japanese society during the period of warring daimyos?
 * 5) ** Gonzalez - **What was life like at the imperial court at Heian?
 * 6) ** Jacobs - **What was the purpose of the Taika Reforms in 646?
 * 7) ** Kaso - **What is the role of the following in society: Shogun, //bushi//, samurai, aristocracy? The samurai were military nobility. The Shogun were the highest military. The bushi are like the soldiers. The aristocracy were military rulers. The society was very militarized like the Tang. Most countries had their life like the Tang dynasty in China. The aristocracy is the top then the Shogun then the samurai and then the Bushi.
 * 8) ** Keegan - **What’s a //bakufu//, and how does it relate to both the Japanese emperor and the Japanese government?
 * 9) ** Lee - **What was the Gempei War? What impact does it have on Japan?
 * 10) ** Mengel - **Who is Yoritomo and what is relationship with the Taira family?
 * 11) ** Millican - **What is the Shogun? What purpose does it serve in Japan, and when is it established? Shogun was often one of the hereditary military governors of Japan from 1192 to 1867. In this period, the shōguns, were the de facto rulers of Japan though they were nominally appointed by the emperor.The title itself, Sei-i-tai Shogun [barbarian-subduing generalissimo], dates back to 794 and originally meant commander of the imperial armies who led thecampaigns against the Ainu in N Japan. The shogunate as a military administrative system was established by Yoritomo after 1185 and was known as the Bakufu [literally, army headquarters]. The imperial court at Kyoto continued to exist, but effective power and actual administration were in the hands of the hereditary shoguns. The shogunate was held in turn by the Minamoto family and their successors, with their capital at Kamakura (1192–1333); the Ashikaga, with their capital at Kyoto (1338–1597); and the Tokugawa, with their capital at Yedo (Tokyo) after 1603. The overthrow of the shogun in 1867 brought the Meiji restoration and the beginning of modern Japan.
 * 12) ** Monteith - **What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on: the peasantry, the aristocracy, the bushi?
 * 13) ** Olmos - **What is a daimyo, and what role did it play in Japanese politics?
 * 14) ** Ovalle - **What impact does civil unrest in Japan have on the government? What is the role of the emperor after each successive civil war or uprising?
 * 15) ** Philip - **Can you locate any of these places/dynasties on a map? (it’s always a good idea to know what territory these states occupy? How do these states compare to one another? What accounts for the changes in their borders? The Sui Dynasty took place in eastern China, the Tang's capital was in north central China and China had gained more territorial control, and the Song was divided into two periods- the Northern Song and the Southern Song. During the Northern Song, the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing and they controlled most of inner China, whereas during the Southern Song, the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River. Out of these dynasties, the Tang had the largest empire. The factors that account for changes in their borders include wars and invasions from the Mongols.
 * 16) The origins of the japanese- The japanese started when the islands of japan were still connected to Korea, and they became seperated from the main land when the glaciers melted and flooded the land bridge between japan and korea. I believe that it is possible that they developed by a river but that river was permanently flooded by the water that came from the melting glaciers. ~Kaleb