Unit+03+Review+-+Islam

** AP World History – Trimester [A] **
__Directions__: Answer the following review questions on another sheet of paper (You don’t have to rewrite the questions, but it would be nice if you could number them correctly). The Identification Questions are there for your edification only, you don’t **HAVE** to answer them, but it will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items.

= __Identification__: = 10% of Muslims all around the world. The word meaning "follower." Based on the message of Allah and Muhammad, his apostle. Allah has the power to pick a representative to guard Islam. They believe he picked Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali. Making him divine.
 * Abuga - ** Mohammad
 * Baker - ** Ali- Son in law and cousin of the Prophet Muhammad, and Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661 AD. The Shi'a sect of Islam regard him as the first Imam (True Caliph) and his descendants the rightful succesors to Muhammad. This disagreement split the Ummah (Muslim Tribe) into the Sunni and Shi'a sects.
 * Bates - ** Abu Bakr - The father-in-law of Muhammad (the prophet), he became the first caliph after Muhammad died. He was a buisness man and became the leader of his tribe. He was the first person outside of Muhammad's family to accept Islam and become a Muslim, and he was intrumental in converting many others. He was Muhammad's trusted advisor, and Muhammed was married to his daughter Aisha. He was part of many campaigns such a s: the Battle of Uhud, the Battle of the Trench, the Invasion of Banu Qurayza, Battle of Khaybar, the Conquest of Mecca, the Battle of Hunayn, the Siege of Ta'if, and the Battle of Tabuk
 * Benavides - ** Uthman - was one of the companions of prophet Muhammad. He played a major role in early Islamic history as the third of the Sunni Rashidun, Rightly Guided Caliphs. Reigned as Caliph from 644 - 656 C.E., under leadership the empire expanded into Fars in 650 (present day Iran). Some notable achievements were the economic reforms he introduced and the compilation of the Qur'an.
 * Boboy - ** Umar- Muslim caliph(ruler) from 634-644 C.E.,son of Al-Khattab and companion and advisor of Muhammad the Prophet, under his rule the Islamic Empire expanded ruling the Sassanid Persian Empire, his attacks against this Empire resulted in the conquest of the Persian Empire.,set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed Jews into Jerusalem and to worship. Born into the Banu Adi clan(Quarish tribe), opposed but later converted to Islam by his sister, he was also an Islamic jurist ,pious and just known as Al-Faruq ("the one who distinguishes between right and wrong").Succeeded Caliph Abu Bakr as the second caliph in the Rashidun Caliphate. Cynthia Boboy
 * Briscoe - ** Sunni - Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as the orthodox version of the religion. The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah (Arabic: سنة‎), which refers to the sayings and actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as recorded in Hadiths.
 * Cardoza - ** Shi’a --- Second largest sects of Islam.
 * Concha - ** Sufism is known to be the mystical dimension of Islam and one who practices it is known as a Sufi. Sufis consider themselves as the original format of Islam and believe they worship Allah perfectly. The practice of Sufism is to try to go towards the Truth also the mystical system of the Sufis.
 * Dorsett - **Mecca ** is the holy city of islam.Mecca, founded by the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe.The city was also regarded as a religious center and housed the Ka'ba. **

They make up Muslim life, prayer, concern for the needy, self purification and the pilgrimage. They are:
 * Duckworth - ** Medina
 * Elbushra - ** the Five Pillars of Wisdom--


 * 1) // Shahadah //: declaring there is no god except [|God], and Muhammad is God's Messenger
 * 2) // Salat //: ritual prayer five times a day
 * 3) // Sawm //: fasting and self-control during the blessed month of [|Ramadan]
 * 4) // Zakat //: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy
 * 5) // Hajj //: pilgrimage to [|Mecca] at least once in a lifetime [|[5]] [|[6]] if he/she is able to do [|[7]]


 * Fackrell - ** the //Hegira-// A journey especially when undertaken to escape from a dangerous or undesirable situation
 * Gonzalez - ** Umayyad Clan
 * Jacobs - ** Sharia
 * Kaso - ** Omar Khayyam - A persian philosopher. Contributed to the calender reform. He wrote treatises most famous one was about algebra. He was born on May 18, 1048 and died on December 4, 1131. He was buried in Nishapur which is were he was born.
 * Keegan - ** Scheherazade
 * Lee - ** Harun al Rashid
 * Mengel - ** Ibn Khaldun
 * Millican - ** Ibn Battuta- was a Moroccan explorer of Berber descent. He is known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla. Over a period of thirty years, Ibn Battuta visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands. His journeys included trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time..

term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic State. Dhimma allows rights of residence in return for taxes.According to scholars, dhimmis had their rights fully protected in their communities, but as citizens in the Islamic state, had certain restrictions. They were excused or excluded from specific duties assigned to Muslims, did not enjoy certain polit ical rights reserved to Muslims, and were subject to payment of a special tax (jizyah)but were otherwise equal under the laws of property, contract and obligation.
 * Monteith - ** //dhimmis//


 * Olmos - **// Zakat -- //or alms -giving is the practice of charitable giving by Muslims based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all who are able to do so. It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to ease economic hardship for others and eliminate inequality.
 * Ovalle - ** Hajj
 * Philip - ** Damascus- It became the political center of the community under the Umayyads, after the murder of the third caliph Uthman. From Damascus, a succession of Umayyad caliphs strove to build a bureaucracy that would bring together the vast domains they claimed to rule.
 * Rahman - ** Abu al - Abbas
 * Rivers - ** Mehmed II - Mehmed II or Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire twice, first for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481.
 * Romero - ** Saladin Was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria, who also founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He had also led the Muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant. He took over the government and realigned the country's allegiance with the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphate. (1175) He defeated the Zengid army in battle and was then proclaimed the "Sultan of Egypt and Syria." -- 12-century Muslim ruler; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms. Famous in the Third Crusade along with Richard the Lionhearted of England.

- believed to be the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire under the Abbasids.
 * Russell - ** Richard I 'AKA Richard the Lionheart or Melek-Ric by the muslims, and the third son of Henry II. Richard I went up against Henry II often in rebellions (such as Poitou in 1170s). Jerusalem also was almost acquired by him in 1191 against Cyprus, Acre, and Arsuf. Guarantees Christians safe travels to Jerusalem. Dies in a battle at Chalus, in france. '
 * Santos - ** Osman Bey - was the leader of the Ottoman Turks and the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman state. This state prevailed as a world empire for almost 6 centuries.
 * Schaefer - ** Harsha-- Indian emperor who ruled northern India from 606 to 647,son of Prabhakara Vardhana and younger brother to Rajya Vardhana(king of Thanesar, Haryana),his kingdom spanned the Punjab, Ragasthan, Gujarat, Bengal, Odisha, and the entire Indo-Gangetic plain north of the Narmada River, convert to Buddhism, united the small republics from Punjab to Central India, representatives of these republics crowned him at an assembly in April of 606 making him at 16 years old.
 * Smith - ** Firdawsi -- Persian poet, author of "National Epic of Iran". Dedicated his work to Mahmud of Ghazni (great patron of Persian arts & literature), after the fall of the Samanids. Created one of the most influential works of Perisian literature, the //Shanameh// chronicles, a legendary history of the pre-Islmaic kings of Iran from Keyumars to Yazdegerd III.
 * Teems - **// Ulamma -- //a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology.
 * Wollenburg - **// jizya - // a per capita tax levied on a section of an Islamic state's non-Muslim citi zens, who meet certain criteria. The tax is and was to be levied on able-bodied adult males of military age and affording power
 * Abuga - ** Mahmud of Ghazni
 * Baker - ** Muhammad Ibn Qasim
 * Bates - ** Muhammad of Ghur
 * Benavides - ** Baghdad - Capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province.
 * Boboy - ** Sundiata- (The Lion Prince) Member of the Keita Clan and founder of the Mali Empire and celebrated as a hero of the Mandinka people of West Africa in the semi-historical Epic of Sundiata. The epic of Sundiata is primarily known through oral tradition, transmitted by generations of Mandinka griots(oral historians advisors to the king).His exploits were the foundation of a great oral tradition,he later became emperor(mansa) "divided up the world"and also grouped people into clans(16 free to bear arms,5 religious, 4 blacksmiths) causing him to be considered the orginator of social arrangements, he also created political institutions of rule that allowed for great regional and ethnic differences in the federated provinces, and stationed garrisons to maintain loyalty and security.Helped begin Malinke expansion and make Mali a unified state, also called Sunjata. ---"hero of origins" Cynthia Boboy

First king of the Songhai Empire 15th ruler of Sunni dynasty Conducted a repressive policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, particularly those in contact with Tuareg whom were expelled the control of the town, by Ali. Under his power, infantry, and cavalry many cities were captured and the fortified. Built a fleet to patrol the Niger River.
 * Briscoe - ** Mansa Musa - **Musa I** (c. 1280 – c. 1337), commonly referred to as **Mansa Musa**, was the tenth //Mansa//, which translates as "King of Kings" or "Emperor", of the wealthy Malian Empire.
 * Cardoza - ** Sunni Ali --- Born in Kolo
 * Concha - **// Shah - Nama - // Epic poem written by Firdowsi about the national epic of Persia which is mostly mythical but has some historic extent on the past of Persia. The epic is big on the Persian culture, beginning of Zoroastrianism and the death of the last ruler of Persia during the Muslim conquest that ended Zoroastrianism.
 * Dorsett - **// dar al - Islam //
 * Duckworth - ** harem

**__ Review Questions: __**
> The House of Seljuq was a Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition in the medieval West and Central Asia...... > > The Ottoman Empire, sometimes referred to as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey, was a contiguous transcontinental empire founded by Turkish tribes under Osman Bey in north-western Anatolia in 1299. > >  > There are also hundreds of shared ritual spaces, called dargahs (literally, “doorway” or “threshold”), for Hindus and Muslims. These mark shrines for revered Muslim (frequently Sufi) leaders and are visited by both Muslims and Hindus. Moreover, close proximity and daily interaction throughout the centuries has led to efforts to accommodate the existence of the two religions. One manifestation of such coexistence occurred among some devotional groups who believed that one God, or the “universal principle,” was the same regardless of whether it was called Allāh or brahman. Various syntheses between the two religions that emphasize nonsectarianism have arisen in northern India.
 * 1) ** Elbushra - ** What does Islam mean? Islam is derived from the Arabic root "Salema": peace, purity, submission and obedience. In the religious sense, Islam means submission to the will of God and obedience to His law.
 * 2) ** Fackrell - ** Which areas of the globe were impacted by Islam?- It impacted Africa, Middle East and Europe.
 * 3) ** Gonzalez - ** Who were the Bedouins? The Bedouins were nomadic tribes in the Arabian peninsula.
 * 4) ** Jacobs - ** What clan controlled Mecca?
 * 5) ** Kaso - ** What was the Ka’ba?- Ka'ab the holiest place to Islam. A large cuboid-shaped building in the mosque in Mecca. Made of granite. You have to see this in your pilgrimage to Mecca to complete the five pillars. It is inside the Hajj. It contains a sacred black stone. A shrine that houses all the Bedouin tribe. ( Bedouin tribe are animists and polytheistic they come to Mecca to worship)
 * 6) ** Keegan - ** What is the //Hegira//? The "Hijra", also Hijrat or Hegira, is the migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina between June 21 and July 2 in 622 CE.
 * 7) ** Lee - ** What was the Umayyad response to migration to Medina, and his subsequent success there?
 * 8) ** Mengel - ** Identify the Five Pillars of Islam.
 * 9) Shahadah: declaring there is no god except God, and Muhammad is God's Messenger
 * 10) Salat: ritual prayer five times a day
 * 11) Sawm: fasting and self-control during the blessed month of Ramadan
 * 12) Zakat: giving 2.5% of one’s savings to the poor and needy
 * 13) Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime if he/she is able to do
 * 14) ** Millican - ** What were the motivations of the Muslim conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries? The unity provided by the Islamic faith gave them a new sense of common cause and strength. United, they could stand up to the non-Arab rulers wo had long played them against each other. Most of all they were drawn to campaigns of expansion by the promise of a share in the booty. Also a chance to glorify their new religeon may have been a motive, but not to win new converts. Jihad.
 * 15) ** Monteith - ** What territories came under Muslim rule?
 * 16) ** Olmos - ** What happened to Islam after Mohammad’s death? (don’t take the easy explanation here, and say that it grew)
 * 17) ** Ovalle - ** What’s a Caliph?
 * 18) ** Philip - ** What is the difference between Sunni and Shi’a Islam? Uthman, the third caliph, was an Umayyad and he was murdered. His death was the signal for the supporters of Ali, Muhammed's cousin, to proclaim him as caliph. The Umayyads swore revenge when Ali failed to punish Uthman's assassins. The difference between the two sects of Islam is that the Sunnis supported the Umayyads, whereas the Shi'is supported Ali.
 * 19) ** Rahman - ** What is the significance of Damascus?
 * 20) ** Rivers - ** What is a Mawali? a term in Classical Arabic used to address non- Arab Muslims. The term gained prominence during the Umayyad Caliphate (c. 661-750 CE/41–132 AH), as many non-Arabs such as Persians, Turks and Kurds converted to Islam.
 * 21) ** Romero - ** To where did the Abbasids move the political center of their empire? Baghdad in 762
 * 22) ** Russell - ** What were the cultural, scientific, advancements of the various Muslim empires? How did (and do) those advancements impact other cultures – particularly the West? 'The islams came up with the most accurate solar calendar of that point in time, and study astrology and study the heavens. Geometry was also a big thing they contributed to. They invented the symbol for 0 called the ‘cipher.’ Culturally, art and medicine and agriculture were big to spread to the western civilizations of Europe. Trading routes were established in Sicily and Spain, being the biggest stopping points. English language was passed along as well.'
 * 23) ** Santos - ** Who were the Ayan?
 * 24) ** Schaefer - ** What was the status of artisans in Islamic cities?-- Often highly valued for their skills, owned their own tools, not slaves or drudge workers, poorly paid, and the most skilled formed guild like organizations which negotiated wages and working conditions and supported their members in times of crisis.
 * 25) ** Smith - ** Why and how did the status of women decline under Islam? -- After the Prophet's death, the status of women in Islam began to decline. Mainly only the upper class women of Islam were in feminist groups. Seemed as if most women were not worthy of having any thing important to do with Islam if they were not in a upper class, other than doing their motherly tasks like cooking and cleaning and taking care of the children.
 * 26) ** Teems - ** Compare the decline of the Abbasids to the decline of the Roman Empire. Why was the Roman decline more severe? -- The roman empire's decline was more severe because it was faster and feared, however the decline of both was very much alike. Corruption of the government was in both parties, though peopl invaded the government caliphs directly for the abbasids, and it was much quicker to go than the roman's, who's decline lasted a much longer time.
 * 27) ** Wollenburg - ** How do the Umayyad and Abbasid empires compare in political, economic, cultural, military, artistic, and scientific terms? - **POLITICAL:** Both used trade and would trade copper, gold, and silver **ECONOMIC:** Both used trade **ARTISTIC:** Both, because they were muslim built mosques. Since any portrat of Allah is considered blasphemous, they would create beautiful geometric designs to decorate their mosques instead. **SCIENTIFIC:** Al-Khwarizmi is considered to be the father of algebra, was from the Abbasid empire.
 * 28) ** Abuga - ** What is the fictional account of the Abbasid court during the time of al - Rashid?
 * 29) ** Baker - ** What is the result of the civil wars following the death of al - Rashid?
 * 30) ** Bates - ** What role did women play in Arab Islamic society? How did that compare to life before Islam?
 * 31) ** Benavides - ** What was the harem?
 * 32) ** Boboy - ** What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward slavery? They demanded lots(growing numbers) of male and female slaves for concubines and domestic service.Male and Female slaves were prized for their beauty and their intelligence.---Cynthia Boboy
 * 33) ** Briscoe - ** Why were the practices of seclusion and veiling seen as essential in Islamic society?
 * 34) ** Cardoza - ** When did women usually enter into marriage during the Abbasid dynasty? --- Starting at the age of nine, young girls were allowed to be given into marriage by their father. At the time, women were mainly used to reproduce. Wives, limited to intercourse because they were usually hosting guest, their husband's had sex-slaves.
 * 35) ** Concha - ** What was written by Omar Khayyam, and why is it significant?
 * 36) ** Dorsett - ** What was written by Scheherazade, and why is it important? One Thousand and One Nights or the Arabian Nights.one of the iportances is that it can be viewed as a valuable source of Middle Eastern social history, being composed of the most extensive and intimate recordings of the medieval Islamic period.Around 850 A.D
 * 37) ** Duckworth - ** Who were the major Muslim historians, and what did they write?
 * 38) ** Elbushra - ** Who were the Buyids, the Seljuks, and the Ottomans? The ** Buyid dynasty ** also known as ** Buwaihids **, ** Bowayhids ** , ** Buyahids ** , or ** Buyyids ** , were a   Shīah    dynasty of   Daylimite   or   Kurdish    [|[13]]  origin from Daylaman in [|Gilan] .  [|[14]]  They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day [|Iran] and [|Iraq] in the 10th and 11th centuries. During the 10th and 11th centuries, just prior to the invasion of the Seljuq Turks, the Buyids were the most influential dynasty in the [|Middle East] .......
 * 1) ** Fackrell - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1055? The Seljuk Turks captured Baghdad in 1055.
 * 2) ** Gonzalez - ** In what year was Jerusalem captured by the European Crusaders?
 * 3) ** Jacobs - ** Why was the First Crusade so successful?
 * 4) ** Kaso - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on the West?- It opened up trade again in the Mediterranean. The identity of the catholic church was decided by the pope. They were introduced to roads. Catholic churches could become rich. It lost slavery which was a big part of their income.
 * 5) ** Keegan - ** What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?
 * 6) ** Lee - ** What group captured Baghdad in 1258?
 * 7) ** Mengel - ** How did Islam spread throughout India and Southeast Asia?
 * 8) ** Millican - ** How well does Islam coexist with Hinduism? How does that compare with Judaism and Christianity? Hindu relations with Islam and Christianity are in some ways quite different from the ties and tensions that bind together religions of Indian origin. Hindus live with a legacy of domination by Muslim and Christian rulers that stretches back many centuries—in northern India, to the Delhi sultanate established at the beginning of the 13th century. The patterns of relationship between Hindus and Muslims have been different between north and south India. While there is a history of conquest and domination in the north, Hindu-Muslim relations in Kerala and Tamil Nadu have been peaceful. Islam came to south India very early, possibly about the 7th century, through traders and sea routes. There is a vast body of literature on Islam in Tamil composed over almost a thousand years.
 * 1) ** Monteith - ** What is the chronology of the various Muslim empires in India?
 * 2) ** Olmos - ** What is the significance of Muhammad Ibn Qasim, Mahmud of Ghazni, and Muhammad of Ghur?
 * 3) ** Ovalle - ** What lands were dominated by the Muslims, and what areas remained under Hindu control?
 * 4) ** Philip - ** What is Truth? Truth is the absolute coherent explanation of what can be actualized.
 * 5) ** Rahman - ** How did Islam spread into Sub - Saharan Africa?
 * 6) ** Rivers - ** What is a stateless society? a society that is not governed by a state. In stateless societies, there is little concentration of authority; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited in power and are generally not permanently held positions; and social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be small.
 * 7) ** Romero - ** What caused the Bantu migrations?
 * 8) ** Russell - ** Where in Africa would you find Axum, and what is it? 'The axum is a city in northern ethiopia (just north of the little horn poking out on the north east side of it). It’s known for being a capital of Christianity, and a greek trade route. The spread of islam caused axum’s decline in the 9th and 13th centuries. Once again it popped up, but for a very brief time period, before it fell again.'
 * 9) ** Santos - ** What region of Africa first converted to Islam by 700?
 * 10) ** Schaefer - ** Where in Africa was the influence of Islam most profound?--Sub-Saharan Africa and the Swahili coast
 * 11) ** Smith - ** Who led the Malinke expansion that created the Mali Empire?
 * 12) ** Teems - ** Who created the kingdom of Ghana and when? -- Founded in 750 AD by Soninke.
 * 13) ** Wollenburg - ** Who created the Songhai Empire and when? - Sunni Ali, 1350 AD
 * 14) ** Abuga - ** Where were the Swahili city states?
 * 15) ** Baker - ** What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076?
 * 16) ** Bates - ** How did the combination of trade and Islam impact Sub - Saharan Africa?
 * 17) ** Benavides - ** What were the gold and salt empires?
 * 18) ** Boboy - ** What were the Central African kingdoms, and why were they significant? The Central African Kingdoms were various communities(kingdoms) of Bantu people South of the rainforest near Lake Victoria they began their own process of state formation, replacing the pattern of kinship-based societies with forms of political authority based on kinship,developed rituals that influenced the ruler's power,included the Luba people in Katanga whom modified the system of village headmen forming a divine kinship (ruler and relatives had the power to control fertility of humans and crops).-beliefCynthia Boboy
 * 19) ** Briscoe - ** How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade?
 * 20) ** Cardoza - ** What constitutes a civilization? --- Strong Government, One verbal and written language, religion, literacy, social interactions.