Unit+04+Review+-+The+Byzantine+Empire+and+Medieval+Europe

Questions for Byzantine Empire, Kievan Rus, and Medieval Europe AP World History – Fall [A] __Directions__: The Identification Questions will help your grade if you know the Who, What, When, Where, and Why for each of these items. Be thorough answering these questions. Many of them require answers of more than five contiguous sentences. Remember to eliminate the links if you’re copying and pasting from other sources. = Identification: =
 * Olmos - **Justinian

was Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565. During his reign, Justinian sought to revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the historical Roman Empire. stern half of the historical Roman Empire. Theodora proved herself a worthy and able leader during the Nika riots. Unable to control the mob, Justinian and his officials prepared to flee. At a meeting of the government council, Theodora spoke out against leaving the palace and underlined the significance of someone who died as a ruler instead of living as an exile or in hiding, saying, "royal purple is noblest shroud, meaning better to die an emperor fighting to keep his throne than to run away in fear and live as an exile. Constantine the Great, also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was Roman Emperor from 306 to 337. loose federation of East Slavic tribes in Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century under the reign of the Rurik dynasty. The modern peoples of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural inheritance. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, it stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the headwaters of the Vistula in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting the majority of East Slavic tribes. Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death. The state declined beginning in the late 11th century and during the 12th century, disintegrating into various rival regional powers. It was further weakened by economic factors such as the collapse of Rus' commercial ties to Byzantium due to the decline of Constantinople and the accompanying diminution of trade routes through its territory. The state finally fell to the Mongol invasion of the 1240s
 * Abuga - **Theodora- empress of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the wife of Emperor Justinian I. Theodora is perhaps the most influential and powerful woman in the Roman Empire's history.
 * Gonzalez - **Basil II (the Bulgar Slayer)
 * Millican - **The Greens and the Blues- The greens and blues were political factions during the Byzantine Empire. During the reign of Justinian, the Greens and Blues held riots called the Nika ritos in which Constantinople was devasted. Justinian invited all the Greens(because he was a blue) and slaughtered all of them in the Hippodrome, a staggering 30,000 people. Justinian in turn to appease the people built the Hagia Sofia.
 * Jacobs - **Hagia Sophia
 * French - **Ceasaropapism
 * Teems - **the Patriarchates
 * Bates - **Belisarius- ** A Persian general who was instrumental to Emperor Justian's plan to reconquer the Mediterranean territory of the former Western Roman Empire, which had been lost less than a century previously. Considered one of "The last Romans" becuase of his success. He restored the African providences in 534, and upon his return to Constaninople was given a Roman triumph, it was the last one ever given anybody. He took back much of Italy in the years 537-540, though that would again be lost. He went into retirement but was called back in the year 559 and died in the year 565. **
 * Keegan - **Constantine
 * Schaefer - **Seljuk Turks--Turkish Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually adopted Persian culture and contributed to the Turko-Persian tradition in medieval West an Central Asia, established the Great Seljuq Empire and Sultanate of Rum, which stretched from Anatolia through Persia at total height, and were targets of the First Crusade
 * Rahman - **Ottoman Turks - The Ottomon Turks were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottomon Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes. Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks is scarce, but they take their Turkish name, Osmanali, from the house of Osman I, the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Ottoman empire for 624 years. After the expansion from its home in Bithynia, the Ottoman principality began incorporating other Turkish-speaking Muslims and non-Turkish Christians, becoming the Ottoman Turks and ultimately the Turks of the present. The Ottoman Turks blocked all land routes to Europe by conquering the city of Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine eastern Roman Empire, and Europeans had to find other ways to trade with Eastern countries.
 * Concha - **Iconoclastic struggles were 2 periods during the Byzantine Empire in which religious images were opposed by religious and imperial hierarchy's because it would cause worship to them or that's what they believed. "iconoclastic meaning image breaking and the struggles come from the images. Iconoclasm has generally been motivated theologically by the scripture in the Old Covenant interpretation of the 10 Commandments, which forbade the making and worshipping of "graven images".
 * Wollenburg - **Kievan Rus -

Author of five books in the new testament Cousin of Jesus Some Catholics believe that he was sent to the island of Patmos and that that is where he wrote the Book of Revelations.
 * Mengel - **schism of Christian Church
 * Russell - **Pope Urban II 'He was a leader of the roman catholic church. One of his greatest known facts is that he was one who launched the start of the first crusade to retake Jerusalem from the muslims and establishing roman curia (‘central governing body of the entire Catholic Church’).'
 * Fackrell - **Richard the Lionhearted
 * Smith - **Saladin --- ** Western man, aka //Salah Ad-din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub// (his personal name). __Formed the Ayyubid Dynasty__, captured Jerusalism from Christians, most famous Muslim hero, and a consummate military tactician. **
 * Cardoza - **John --- One of Jesus' twelve apostles
 * Santos - ** The Magna Carta - It was signed in June 1215 between the barons of Medieval and King John. "Magna Carta" is a Latin word that stands for "Great Charter". The document was a series of written promises between the king and his subjects claiming that he would govern England and deal with its people according to the customs of feudal law. Magna Carta was an attempt by the barons to stop a king, in this case John, abusing his power with the people of England suffering. The Magna Carta was important in the colonization of America as England's legal system was used as a model for many of the colonies as they were developing their own legal systems. Despite its importance, by the second half of the 19th century nearly all of its clauses had been repealed in their o riginal form.

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The Domesday Book is closely linked with William the Conqueror's attempt to dominate Medieval England. Along with a string of castles throughout England, the Domesday Book was to give William huge authority in England.===== To further extend his grip on England, William I ordered that a book be made containing information on who owned what throughout the country. This book would also tell him who owed him what in tax and because the information was on record, nobody could dispute or argue against a tax demand. This is why the book brought doom and gloom to the people of England - hence "Domesday Book". The decision of what someone owed was final - rather like Judgement Day when your soul was judged for Heaven or Hell


 * Rivers - **Vikings/Varagians Groups of nomadic/barbaric germanic/scandivian people. Ruled the land of Rus around 9th to 11th centuries, forming the Byzantine Varagians Guard. They also controlled trade routes throughout the volga trade route and the Dneiper trade route. Also The Varangians or Varyags was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings, who between the 9th and 11th centuries ruled the medieval state of Rus' and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

Christian Saint he was honored by the Anglican church and the catholic church as the patron saint of Europe and students. he founded 12 communities for Monks at Subiaco, Italy. His main achievements were "Rules of Saint Beneditct" which contained precepts for his Monks to follow his rule became one of the most influential religious rules in the western Christendom He was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, and the father of Thomism. His influence on Western thought is considerable, and much of modern philosophy was conceived in development or refutation of his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law, metaphysics, and political theory. The works for which he is best known are the Summa Theologica and the Summa contra Gentiles. Thomas is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church and is held to be the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood, and indeed the highest expression of both natural reason and speculative theology. In modern times, under papal directives, the study of his works was long used as a core of the required program of study for those seeking ordination as priests or deacons, as well as for those in religious formation and for other students of the sacred disciplines (Catholic philosophy, theology, history, liturgy, and canon law).
 * Kaso - **Saxon Invasions - started in 450 AD to 650 AD they invaded England (Great Britain) We don't know why they came some people say that it was because England invited them to protect them from Ireland and Scotland and then some say they came because their land often flooded and so they came to England to farm
 * Baker - **William the Conqueror -- William the Conqueror was important because he established feudalism in England. Feudalism was established in France long before the Norman Conquest of England. William had to pledge loyalty to King Henry I of France as his Liege under the feudal system. In later times this obligation by the descendants of William was the cause of the conflict between England and France that lasted for centuries. With the combined power of England and the Norman possessions in France, the Normans saw no reason to be subservient to the French crown. **William was important because he established a new order in England, and ending the conflict between the Danes and the Saxons by establishing himself as King**. As a conquering leader he was able to impose his own form of centralized rule over his new kingdom. William actually spent very little time in England so he had to organised a system of government that allowed his nobility to govern without anyone getting too powerful to challenge an absentee King. His legacy was also important, as he divided his heritage between his oldest son Robert that gained Normandy and his next surviving son that became William II, establishing England as a separate kingdom again.
 * Romero - **Mehmed II: was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire twice, first for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, transforming the Ottoman state into an empire. Mehmed continued his conquests in Asia, with the Anatolian reunification, and in Europe, as far as Bosnia and Croatia. Mehmed II is regarded as a national hero in Turkey
 * Dorsett - **Investiture- the idea of separating church and state in their times of controversy.
 * Lee - **Charlemagne- Charles I, was the King of the Franks from 768, the King of Italy from 774, and from 800 the first emperor in western Europe since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire three centuries earlier. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the Carolingian Empire.
 * Monteith - **Verdwhy did un - *Verdun* The treaty of verdun was signed in 843 to divide Charlemagne's Empire bewteen his son and successor of him. This Treaty ended the Carolingian Civil War.
 * Duckworth - **Charles Martel- was the leader of the Frankish army at the Battle of Tours in 732, and played a key role in turning back the Muslim invasions of Europe. (Dorsett)
 * Benavides - **Beneditict of Nursia -
 * Boboy - **Vladimir-- (Vladimir I / Vladimir the Great) A Rurik descendant and Russian ruler of Kiev from 980-1015 C.E., originallly was a Slavic pagan who followed animism but converted his kingdom(Kievan Rus') and himself to Orthodox Christianity, organized mass baptisms for his people to convert by using force, he rejected Islam because Islam forbidded/forbade wine or alcoholic drink and he couldn't accept or subject himself to that, rejected Roman Catholicism because he wanted to avoid influence of the pope, and the splendor of religious services in Constantinople all influenced his decision in choosing Orthodox Christianity.Later the Russian Orthodox Church was created.Succeeded Sviatoslav.Cynthia Boboy
 * Ovalle - **Yaroslav
 * Philip - **Cyril and Methodius - They were Byzantine Greek brothers that were born in Thessalonica in the 9th century. They became Christian missionaries among the Slavic peoples of the Great Moravia and Pannonia, influencing the cultural development of all Slavs. The title, "Apostles to the Slavs", was given to them because of their influence. These brothers are also known for devising the Glagoiltic alphabet, the first alphabet used to transcribe Old Church Slavonic.
 * Olmos - **Lombards
 * Abuga - **Saxons - confederation of Germanic tribes on the North German Plain, some of whom conquered large parts of Great Britain in the early Middle Ages and formed part of the merged group of Anglo-Saxons that would eventually carve out the first united Kingdom of England Most Saxons remained in Germany, however, and resisted the expanding Frankish Empire through the leadership of the semi-legendary Saxon hero, Widukind.
 * Gonzalez - **Hagia Sophia
 * Millican - **Thomas Aquinas- Thomas Aquinas, (28 January 1225 – 7 March 1274), was an Italian Dominican friar and priest and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism.

Thomas's ethics are based on the concept of "first principles of action. Thomas defined the four cardinal virtues as prudence, temperance, justice, and fortitude. The cardinal virtues are natural and revealed in nature, and they are binding on everyone. There are, however, three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity. These are somewhat supernatural and are distinct from other virtues in their object, namely, God: Furthermore, Thomas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine. Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation. Natural law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason. Natural law is based on "first principles":  The desires to live and to procreate are counted by Thomas among those basic (natural) human values on which all human values are based. According to Thomas, all human tendencies are geared towards real human goods. In this case, the human nature in question is marriage, the total gift of oneself to another that ensures a family for children and a future for mankind. To clarify for Christian believers, Thomas defined love as "to will the good of another." Human law is positive law: the natural law applied by governments to societies. Divine law is the specially revealed law in the scriptures. Thomas also greatly influenced Catholic understandings of mortal and venial sins. Thomas denied that human beings have any duty of charity to animals because they are not persons. Otherwise, it would be unlawful to use them for food. But this does not give humans the license to be cruel to them, for "cruel habits might carry over into our treatment of human beings." Thomas contributed to economic thought as an aspect of ethics and justice. He dealt with the concept of a just price, normally its market price or a regulated price sufficient to cover seller costs of production. He argued it was immoral for sellers to raise their prices simply because buyers were in pressing need for a product. The Persian Empire attacked Byzantine because they wanted their land, but the Persians were defeated near Nineveh in 627 AD, the battles were fought from 224-628 AD. Crusaders attacked when Alexius IV Angelus told them Isaac II Angelus, the overthrown emperor they wanted to give the thrown back to, would give them a large amount of treasury and reunite the Greek Orthodox with the Roman Church. Isaac didn't give them the treasury so the Crusaders and Venetians attacked and shared the territory of the Byzantine Empire. The Empire fell in 1453 after an Ottoman army attacked. a painting of Jesus Christ or another holy figure, typically in a traditional style on wood, venerated and used as an aid to devotion in the Byzantine and other Eastern Churches. [] Faith and Reason Orthodoxy uses philosophy and science to define its faith while Catholicism doesn't. Catholicism thinks human reason is really important. The Development of the Doctrine Orthodoxy doesn't think that Christianity has changed they think it is the same all the time. Catholicism thinks its faith grows in stages. God Catholicism believes that God is the real being the true being. Orthodoxy believes that God is planted in every day life. Christ Orthodoxy teaches Christ on the cross and why he died Catholicism says that God became a man to create justice. The Church Catholicism has a pope Orthodoxy has a bishop Before the East-West Schism in 1054, the Christian Church within the borders of the ancient Roman Empire was effectively ruled by  five patriarchs (the "Pentarchy"): the Bishop of Rome  (who rarely used the title "Patriarch") and those of Constantinople, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch. were brothers who brought Orthodoxy to the Slavic peoples of central Europe in the ninth century. In preparation for their mission to the Slavs they devised the Glagolitic alphabet to translate the Holy Scriptures and other Christian writings into what is now called Old Church Slavonic. Glagolitic later developed into the Cyrillic alphabet which is now used in a number of Slavic languages. The two brothers have been recognized as saints, for their missionary work. Many details of their lives have been obscured by the legends that have arisen about them. The Hundred Years War, lasting from 1337 until 1453, was a defining time for the history of both England and France. The war started in May 1337 when King Philip VI of France attempted to confiscate the English territories in the duchy of Aquitaine (located in Southwestern France). It ended in July 1453 when the French finally expelled the English from the continent (except for Calais). The Hundred Years War was a series of hevauchees (plundcering raids), sieges and naval battlesinterspersed with truces and uneasy peace. From the beginning of the war (1337) until the battle of Orleans (1428-29), the English won many victories including the decisive battles of Crécy, Poitiers and Agincourt. The English employed a new method of warefare with great success that combined forces of longbowmen with dismounted men-at-arms. In 1429, at the siege of Orleans the French eventually gained the upperhand. Joan of Arc led a relief force which successfully defeated the English. The next 25 years of engagements saw continued French victories and the English retreat from all of France save Calais
 * Now the object of the theological virtues is God Himself, Who is the last end of all, as surpassing the knowledge of our reason. On the other hand, the object of the intellectual and moral virtues is something comprehensible to human reason. Wherefore the theological virtues are specifically distinct from the moral and intellectual virtues.
 * . . . this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are based on this . ..
 * Jacobs - **Rurik
 * __ Review Questions: __**
 * French - **Who founded the Byzantine Empire?
 * Teems - **Why did Constantine relocate the capital from Rome?
 * Bates - **What territory was controlled by the Byzantine Empire?
 * Keegan - **Who was Justinian? the ruthless ruler of the byzantine empire during its golden age who planned to re build and conquer constantines empire. Major achievement was production of the Ia sophia.
 * Schaefer - **Who was Theodora (Justinian’s wife, not the 10th century Empress)?--Empress of Roman(Byzantine) Empire, wife of Emperor Justinian 1, perhaps the most influential and powerful woman in the Roman Empire's history, born in 500(exact date unknown) and ruled from August 9, 527 until death in 548 on June 28 at the age of 48
 * Rahman - **What is the significance of the Hagia Sofia? - It was the Holiest site for Eastern Orthodox Christianity until the Ottoman Turks took Constantinople over and converted the Church into a Mosque.
 * Concha - **Who was Belisarius, and how was he significant to Byzantine history?
 * Wollenburg - **Who were the various empires/kingdoms/people that attacked the Byzantine Empire during it’s thousand year existence? -
 * Mengel - **What was Greek Fire?
 * Russell - **Who was Basil II (aka: Basil the Bulgar Slayer) 'Basil II was a byzantine emperor who had some real sore losing problems against the Belgians especially. Basil II saw the subjugation of belgaria after a belgarian army beat him in battle. After losing he sought revenge for many, many years and when it finally came he beat them ruthlessly by gouging out their eyes and leaving every 100th man with only 1. Little known about him though, he gave his sister to Vladimir I of kiev for military support in his conquest of the belgians.'
 * Fackrell - **What impacts did the Arab/Muslim invasions have on the Byzantine Empire after 7th century? What was the impact on Western Europe?
 * Smith - **How did the Byzantine compare with that of China at the time?--- Byzantine Empire had more invasions and struggles than China, the Byzantine was more complex during the time period and had more going on that China, China was in more of a calm state.
 * Cardoza - **What impact did Hellenistic thought have on the Byzantine Empire?. (Let’s see if you were paying attention…What in the blue blazes is “Hellenistic thought” and what forces produced it?) --- ("Hellenistic thought" - the way the Greeks saw the world) The Hellenistic thought impacted the Byzantine Empire by giving them base of beliefs that later they would change to create their own thoughts. From art to philosophy to geography to life and death, etc.
 * Santos - ** What is Caesaropapism? - It was the idea of combining the power of a secular government with religious power (Christianity) or making it superior to the power that the church had. Mainly about ecclesiastical matters.
 * Elbushra - **What’s an icon (besides the little picture that’s on your computer)?
 * Rivers - **Why were icons an issue in the Christian Church? How was the issue resolved? christian churches they did not want to worship God using an icon or idol. they didn't worship god using one.
 * Kaso - **What are the differences between Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy?- Good article
 * Baker - **What caused the Great Schism of 1054? -- The primary cause of the Schism were disputes over the Pope's claims of authority over the whole church, which were rejected by the Eastern Orthodox Patriarchs, and over the insertion of the 'Filioque' clause (meaning 'and the Son') into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014 AD. The Eastern Orthodox Church stated that the 28th Canon of the Council of Chalcedony explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, so there would not be one ruler over the whole church, but self-governing Patriarchs in Old Rome and New Rome (Constantinople, "Byzantine Empire", etc). There were other less significant reasons for the Schism, such as differences over liturgical practices(public worshiping), for example, the use of unleavened bread in the West.
 * Romero - **How many Patriarchs governed the Christian Church (prior to 1054), and where were they located?
 * Dorsett - **Who led the Crusade of 1204 and what impact did it have on Constantinople? Doge Enrico Dandolo led the fourth crusade.One of the greatest impacts it had on Constantinople was it caused a great decline in the empire.
 * Lee - **What is the importance of the Battle of Manzikert (1071)? - the battle of manzikert was a battle fought between the byzantine and the turks. The defeat over byzantine and the capture of emperor Romanos IV Diogenes allowed the gradual turkification of anatolia.
 * Monteith - **Who were Cyril and Methodius and why are the significant? -
 * Duckworth - **What areas of Europe were converted to Roman Catholicism, and what areas were converted to Orthodoxy?
 * Benavides - **Who were the Seljuk Turks? they were a Turkish tribe from Central Asia. they established a powerful empire in Persia, called by many historians the Empire of the Great Seljuk. they got baghdad in 1055. they united the fractured political scene in eastern Islamic world and they also played a key role in the 1st and 2nd crusades. they where important part in the Turko- Persian tradition.
 * Boboy - **Who were the Ottoman Turks? ~The Ottoman Turks were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes.Took over Constantinople in 1453 which they renamed to Istanbul and established a large empire ending the Byzantine Empire;mainly Muslims.~Cynthia Boboy
 * Ovalle - **What is Kievan Rus? On what was its economy based? What were its cultural influences?
 * Philip - **Kievan Rus was founded by Slavic peoples and Norse traders from Scandinavia. We more commonly refer to these traders as…? These traders are commonly referred to as Vikings.
 * Olmos - **If the Roman Empire was the first Rome, and the Byzantine Empire was the Second Rome, who was the Third Rome?
 * Abuga - **What are the similarities between Russia and the Byzantine Empire? -The Byzatnine Empire heavily influenced Russia starting around the 8th-9th centuries. Missionaries from Constantinople brought the Eastern Orthodox religion to the Slavic kingdoms as well as the Cyrillic Alphabet, a written script for the slavic language based on the Greek Alphabet. Many Russian princes, like Vladimir I, converted to Orthodox Christianity and modeled their political structure after Byzantine rule. Trade was also established between the regions. Eventually, Russia would inherit the Byzantine heritage and become the "Third Rome"
 * Gonzalez - **Who were Rurik, Vladimir, Yaroslav?
 * Millican - **What led to the demise of Kievan Rus? Rival princes set up regional governments, and the royal family squabbled over succession. Invaders from Asia came in. The fall of the Byzantine empire reduced trade and wealth. Invasions by the Mongols in the late 15th century crippled the Kievan Rus.
 * Jacobs - **Who were the Tatars?
 * French - **What’s a moldboard? Why is it significant enough to make my review sheet?
 * Teems - **Differentiate between manorialism, monasticism, scholasticism, and feudalism?
 * Bates - **Who is St. Thomas Aquinas, and what does he do to the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages?
 * Keegan - **What were the causes of the Crusades? What were the impacts of the Crusades? How many were there? Which ones were successful?
 * Schaefer - **What’s a serf? (besides waves at the beach)--Serfs were people who occupied a plot of land and had to work for Lord of the Manor who owned the land, they had to work on the lords fields, mines, forests, and roads in exchange for protection, justice, and right to exploit certain fields in the lords manor to maintain their own subsistence and form the lowest social class in a feudal society
 * Rahman - **What is investiture, and why was it so controversial? - The Investiture was the most significant conflict between church and state. In the 11th and 12th centuries, a series of Popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials such as bishops or abbots.
 * Concha - **Charlemagne established the Holy Roman Empire…Why? How? What happened after that?
 * Wollenburg - **What’s the significance of the 100 Years War? -